SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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186 Chapter 5: Writing Practices 4QShirShabb a (4Q400) 1 i 2; 2 3; 22 9; 23 i 3, ii 3; 27 2 (Qumran scribal practice probable) 4QShirShabb d (4Q403) 1 i 34–35, 37, 42; 1 ii 12, 21 4QShirShabb f (4Q405) 3 i 13; 20 ii–21–22 9; 23 ii 3; 27 2 4QVision and Interpretation (4Q410) 1 6 4QInstr a (4Q415) 2 ii 2 4QInstr d (4Q418) 9 18; 76 2; 81 8; 88 5; 102 3; 107 4; 126 12, 13; 140 4; 158 5; 172 8; 174 1; 241 2 4QSapiential-Hymnic Work A (4Q426) 1 i 12; 1 ii 3 4QH a (4Q427) 1 3; 3 4; 7 ii 14, 16, 18, 20a, 20 4QBarkhi Nafshi a (4Q434) 1 i 1, 2, 3 4QBarkhi Nafshi e (4Q438) 4 ii 3 (Qumran scribal practice probable) 4QHodayot-like Text C (4Q440) 3 i 22 4QPersonal Prayer (4Q443) 2 6 4QNarrative C (4Q462) 1 14 4QM a (4Q491) e.g. 1–3 8; 11 i 13, 14 4QapocrLam B (4Q501) 1 4QOrd b (4Q513) 2 ii 4 4QProphecy of Joshua (4Q522) 8 3 (Qumran scribal practice probable) 11QT a (11Q19) XLV 18 4QExod c V 7 (Exod 12:37) 4QIsa d 6–10 7, 10 (Isa 49:1, 4) 4QIsa h 1–2 10 (Isa 42:11) 4QJer a IX, part 2 2 (Jer 14:6) 4QpIsa b (4Q162) I 4 4QapocrLam A (4Q179) 1 i 13, 14 and 1 ii 11, 13 4QHarvesting (4Q284a) 1 4 4QapocrJosh b (4Q379) 22 ii 13 4QPs x 4 4QCommMal (4Q253a) 4 ii 1 4QapocrMos c ? (4Q408) 1 6; 3 6 4QText Mentioning Descendants of David (4Q479) 2 3 4QNarrative H (4Q481e) 3 4QOrd c (4Q514) 1 i 7; 1 ii 7 (sectarian) 1QapGen ar XXII 27 4QEnastr a ar (4Q208) 16 4; 17 4; 18 2 4QEnGiants d ar (4Q532) 1 ii 7 (before line 7) Texts Not Written in the Qumran Scribal Practice Unclear Orthography System Aramaic Texts On the firm connection between this practice and the Qumran scribal practice, see ch. 8a2. The long discussion in b. Menah≥. 30b concerning the systems used for the correction of the name of God does not mention the possibility of using cancellation dots; it is therefore likely that from a certain point onwards these dots were no longer used for correcting MT copies in rabbinic circles (below, § 10). Cancellation dots were intended to be ad hoc corrections, with no need of perpetuation in subsequent copies of the manuscripts. Nevertheless, in the Masoretic manuscripts a very few such signs were copied and subsequently became part and parcel of the textual transmission of that text (below, § 10). In other cases, the dots may have been disregarded, thus causing the inclusion in the text of superfluous elements. For examples, see L. Gottlieb, “Repetition Due to Homoioteleuton,” Textus 21 (2002) 21–43.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 187 ii. Crossing out letters and words with a line (fig. 7) In many Qumran manuscripts written on leather, several words and parts of words were crossed out with one or more lines indicating the removal of these elements from the context. Thus, when in 4QCant b 1 3 the scribe wrongly wrote t[ (illustr. 8a) which should have been written later on in the sentence, that word was crossed out (t[), probably by the scribe himself. Indeed, most crossings out of elements were executed by the scribes themselves during the course of the writing. Sometimes, the scribe discontinued the writing in the middle of a word upon realizing his mistake. In such a case, the scribe would cross out the wrong elements and continue with the correct word. Thus, when the scribe of 4QNarrative C (4Q462) 19 recognized his mistake, he crossed out arçy, the first four letters of ‘Israel,’ and immediately afterwards wrote the correct word µlçwry (thus: µlçwry arçy ta rwkzyw). In 4QM a (4Q491) 1–3 8, the scribe crossed out one complete and one partial word (partially reconstructed) before continuing with the following word of the running text. In 4QapocrLam B (4Q501) line 7, the scribe imprecisely placed a line through only parts of two words, tyrb ynbm, although the cancellation pertained to the complete words. In 4QM a (4Q491) 1–3 8 ywa [[ynkhl (ditto-graphy of bywa [ynkhl), upon recognizing his mistake, the scribe stopped in the middle of the second word. The use of this procedure is especially frequent in 4QD a (4Q266), containing ten such examples in a long, yet very fragmentary, text. The complete composition would have contained more examples. The placement of the stroke differed from case to case. Sometimes it was neatly placed, almost level with the tops of the letters (4QCant b 1 3; illustr. 8a); sometimes the line was written through the middle of the word, and sometimes level with the bottom parts of the letters (1QIsa a XI 10 [Isa 12:6]). With a slightly different procedure, several letters or words were scratched out in a zigzagged fashion with two or three lines: 1QIsa a XVI 14 (Isa 21:1) hqwjr; XLIX 17 (Isa 59:14) ˚yxanm 4QJer c VII 9 (Jer 20:4). Two letters were crossed out inelegantly, creating a large ink blot. 4QQoh a 1 ii 2 (Qoh 6:4) wmç 4QNarrative C (4Q462) 1 19 arçy 4QapocrLam B (4Q501) 7 tyrb ynbm Most of the instances of crossing out pertain to complete words or combinations of words. In other cases, parts of words were crossed out: 4QapocrLam A (4Q179) 1 i 14: An original wnbwakml was changed to wnytkm by adding a cancellation dot to the yt right of the lamed, by crossing out bwa, and by writing yt above the word: wnbwakmló 4QMystb (4Q300) 10 2: The scribe wrote al and two illegible letters which were probably crossed out. Above the line he wrote çy, followed by two dots, creating a word çyal. 4QNarrative C (4Q462) 19 arçy 4QMa (4Q491) 10 ii 17 dqwt (with lk above the last two letters). 4QDibHama (4Q504) 1–2 iii 7 wnrbrtw (corrected to brtw): wnrbrtw In three cases, single letters were crossed out: 4QLevi b ar (4Q213a) 3–4 6 ahm[ (vertical line); 4QRP c (4Q365) 38 2 l y [; and 4QDibHam a (4Q504) 1–2 vii 6 [yqr µykalm. The crossing out of the word was sometimes combined with the addition of the cor-rected text above the line, e.g. harwn 1QIsa a XVI 14 (Isa 21:1) hqwjr ≈ram ab rbdmm (cf. MT harwn ≈ram ab rbdmm = LXX T V) 1QIsa a II 12 (Isa 2:4) µym[ l ˆyb
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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(4) No indication Scribal Practices
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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