SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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198 Chapter 5: Writing Practices 4QCommGen A (4Q252) I 4 at the end of the line flush left with the vertical line (vague imprint; fig. 22 . 4). 4 11QTb (11Q20) IV 9 (fig. 2 2 . 5); 5 V 9. Additional shapes: 1QIsaa : one or two dots at the end of lines level with the tops of the letters. See III 6 (two dots [Isa 3:4]; fig. 1 3); 3 IV 8 (two dots [Isa 4:4]); VIII 9 (two dots [Isa 8:17]); XX 10 (two dots [Isa 25:11]; fig. 1 3); 3 XXI 7, 12 (single dots [Isa 37:1, 4]); XXIII 2 (single dot [Isa 28:25]), 13; XXVI 11, 29 (two dots [Isa 32:3, 18]). The data are recorded by Qimron–Parry, Isaiah as ‘no V.’ 4QCantb 1 4, 7, 11, 13; 2 i 4; 3, last line. The markings in this scroll best visible on photograph PAM 40.604 (see illustr. 8a) may be line-fillers, albeit of a different nature. 264 That scroll contains five different scribal marks in frg. 1, at the ends of lines 4 (fig. 12 . 1; 1 paleo-Hebrew zayin?), 7 (fig. 12 . 2; 2 Cryptic A letter kaph or paleo-Hebrew >ayin?), 9 (fig. 12 . 3, 3 cf. also fig. 1 5; 5 epsilon?), 11 (fig. 12 .4; .4 paleo-Hebrew sin/shin with a 90 degree rotation or sigma?), 13 (fig. 1 2. 5; 5 paleo-Hebrew bet?), and probably also in frg. 2 I 4, and at the left edge of the last line of frg. 3 (fig. 12 . 6; 6 gamma? or a sign similar in shape to a diple obelismene [a sign used in the Greek scribal tradition for separating different sections in tragedies and comedies]?). These markings probably represent letters in the paleo- Hebrew script or the Cryptic A script (§ 4 above), or a combination of several scripts, including Greek (for the latter, cf. figs. 12 . 3 and 12. 6). 6 Since the Cryptic A script is used for Qumran sectarian writings, the appearance of these letters in 4QCantb could point to the use of this scroll within the Qumran community. 4QHistorical Text E (4Q333) 1 2 end of line (fig. 11 . 6). 6 The inverted paragraphos at the end of the line possibly represents a special type of line-filler. Line-fillers are also known from: • Egyptian literary texts (Janzen, Hiërogliefen, 47). • Ancient Greek literary texts; for example, see the wedge-formed shapes in Genesis and the Minor Prophets in codex W; P.Chester Beatty VI (963) of Numbers and Deuteronomy of the end of 2 CE or the beginning of 3 CE; see further Gardthausen, Griechische Palaeographie, 406–7. • Greek documentary texts. • Various manuscripts of T, such as MS Vatican Urbinati 2 (high dots) and Targum Neophyti which filled up the ends of the lines with the beginning letter(s) of the first word on the following line. • The medieval tradition of MT and SP. For example, codex L of MT used dots as line-fillers before the penultimate words in Exodus 15 in order that the last words would be flush with the left marginal line (see the plates and analysis in Sirat, Ha-ketav, 37–9; Beit-Arié, Hebrew Codicology, 88; <strong>Tov</strong>, TCHB, pl. 12; Birnbaum, “Michigan Codex,” 384). The scribe of L also filled in the ends of several lines in Exodus 14 with parts of letters. (7) Separation dots between words (fig. 17) 17 A dot is occasionally inserted level with the tops of the letters or slightly above them, in order to separate two words lest they be understood as one continuous word or context. This practice is evidenced for seven texts written according to the Qumran scribal practice and one text not written in that practice, 4QMessianic Apocalypse (4Q521). See also the re-division sign described in § 2v above and illustrated in fig. 23. 23 1QS XI 15 yla hta ˚wrb ú≥wtrapt. A single dicolon-like indication is found in the space between the words above and below the writing surface (fig. 17). 17 Beyond the space between the words no special space was left by the According to Stegemann, in these cases in the Vorlage of the present copy of the scroll these signs occurred in the top line. Even though the layout had changed in the present copy, these X-signs were copied as such. This pertains also to other instances of an X occurring in the middle or at the end of the column: IV 11, 14; V 12, 14; VI 13; IX 13. The instances of the latter type, however, cast doubts on this explanation. Another explanation was suggested by H. G. Snyder (see n. 261), 40 according to whom this letter ‘marks the occurrence of a double pesher.’ 264 They appear in the spaces at the ends of lines that were slightly or much shorter than the surrounding ones. If they were used as line-fillers, their use is not consistent. In three of the five occurrences in frg. 1, they could be line-fillers in spaces left uninscribed (lines 4, 9, 11), but in lines 7 and 13 they occur in ‘open sections.’ The possible signs in frgs. 2 and 3 are of an unclear nature. It is less likely that the signs somehow referred to the content of the manuscript indicating change of topic or speaker, since they occur in the middle of sentences. At the same time, they may refer to words in the middle of the line, such as the paleo-Hebrew zayin in I 4 possibly referring to rymz and the paleo-Hebrew shin (?) in I 9 referring to [mç (Cant 2:14; personal communication, M. Hopf).
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 199 scribe before the beginning of the benediction starting with yla hta ˚wrb, and this oversight was corrected by both the paragraph sign in the margin and by the dicolon in the text itself. 1QS XI 21 bçy ≥óhm 1QH a XII (Suk. = IV) 5 twnpb . lwdg; XII 9 hayhw . hwwh 4QS e (4Q259) III 3 (frg. 3a) between hla and the following word, probably starting with a lamed 4QMMT a (4Q394) 3–7 i 18 myrwhf . twyúhóló; ii 17 hnújóm ú≥awúhó 4QM c (4Q493) 2 ˆk . yúrójaw 4QOrd c (4Q514) 1 i 2 µya[m]fh . lkl 4QMessianic Apocalypse (4Q521) 2 iii 3 ynda . tkrb The separation dot probably is a vestige of an early tradition, such as preserved in texts written in the paleo- Hebrew script, of separating words by dots (§ a1 above). (8) Letters and marks possibly numbering sheets and units (figs. 10.11, 10.11 11, 11 15, 15 24) 24 There is some evidence for the numbering of sheets in the Qumran documents. Two examples were provided by J. T. Milik, “Numérotation des feuilles des rouleaux dans le scriptorium de Qumrân,” Semitica 27 (1977) 75–81 (4QS b [4Q256] 5; 4QD a [4Q266] 1). • 1QapGen ar V, X, XVII: The clearest evidence for numbering sheets is found in 1QapGen ar where a single Hebrew letter was written in the top right corner of three sheets; see M. Morgenstern, “A New Clue to the Original Length of the Genesis Apocryphon,” JJS 47 (1996) 345–7: pe (col. V), s≥ade (col. X), and qoph (col. XVII). The evidence implies that a very large number of sheets preceded the earliest preserved columns of this composition (dealing with Noah), since presumably each sheet was denoted by a letter of the alphabet. • 1QS col. VII bottom margin: The composite sign immediately below the right edge of the column is a combination of a paleo-Hebrew zayin and a triangular shape (fig. 11). 11 The zayin could denote a number, recurring in col. VIII, but more likely it refers to a major subdivision in the text, as suggested in § c1. Note further that cols. V and VIII are not denoted with any signs, while the bottom right margin of the other columns has not been preserved. • 4QExodk displays a sign (fig. 10. 1 1a) 1 in the upper right corner, above the center of the first word, which resembles the lamed in the Cryptic A script: lamed of 4QcryptA Lunisolar Calendar (4Q317, fig. 10 . 1 1b). 1 • 4QAges of Creation A (4Q180): Signs in the top margin, above the beginning of the column, and in the bottom margin. • 4QSb (4Q256) 4 (photographs PAM 42.372 and 43.250): A gimel in the upper right margin, above the first letter of the column, probably designates the third sheet of that manuscript (fig. 2 4 . 1). 1 • 4QDa (4Q266) 1a: A letter (
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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(4) No indication Scribal Practices
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
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250 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
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252 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions L
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254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
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256 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
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260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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