SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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210 Chapter 5: Writing Practices • Orthographic corrections, mainly additions of matres lectionis, for example 2QExod a 1 2 (Exod 1:12) µt w a = µtwa (MT: wta) 2QExod a 7 3 (Exod 26:12) lh w [ah] = lhwah (MT: lhah) • Linguistic corrections, especially in gutturals. For example 1QIsa a I 1 (Isa 1:1) why [ çy = why[çy (= MT) 4QJer a 2 6 (Jer 9:11) ˆ y byw = ˆybyw (MT: ˆbyw) • Contextual additions, deletions, or changes toward a text that was either the scribe’s Vorlage or a different text. For example 5QDeut 1 ii 6 (Deut 8:12) µb tbçyw = µb tbçyw (cf. LXX + ejn aujtai`"; MT: tbçyw) • Glosses and variant readings. The evidence for these two categories is either very scanty or non-existent. See § h below. b. Identity of the correctors Usually, it cannot be determined whether a given correction was made by the original scribe or a later hand (a later scribe or user), although in some cases certainty can be had. One possible criterion is handwriting, but since most corrections involve very few letters, this criterion often cannot be invoked. Besides, interlinear additions were written under different conditions from those of the base text, without the help of ruling and in a confined area, usually in petite letters. Nevertheless the different hand of several long additions can be recognized as secondary on the basis of handwriting or scribal habits. • 1QIsa a XXXIII 7 (Isa 40:7) and XXXV 15 (Isa 42:6): Only in the interlinear additions (illustr. 1) in these places was the Tetragrammaton represented by Tetrapuncta, while the main scribe always wrote the Tetragrammaton in the square script. • 4QJer a III (Jer 7:30–8:3): The handwriting of the long addition in the interlinear space, in the inter-columnar margin, and also below the text reveals a different handwriting from that of the main scribe (note the different shapes of the ayin, and shin). Likewise, in XI 6, the added al was written with a different type of lamed than that used in the remainder of the scroll. This lamed has a streamlined shape, and does not contain a horizontal line. • 4QpPs a (4Q171) III 5: The supralinear addition wryjb l[ w]rçp µyrwk rqyk hwhy ybhwaw was written after the completion of the text. While in the main text the Tetragrammaton was written with paleo-Hebrew characters, in the addition it was written with square characters. • Some of the examples in § e above. In other instances, the type of correction shows that the scribe himself was involved with the correction. • 1QIsa a XLIX 17 (Isa 60:14) ˚yn[m ˚yxanm: the first word was crossed out, and since the scribe continued immediately afterwards, he must have crossed the word out himself. • The writing of the corrected element(s) next to an element deleted with cancellation dots, e.g. 4QJub g (4Q222) 1 4 la[´ó. • 4QapocrLam A (4Q179) 1 ii 11: This line started off with µyrqyh ˆwyx ynb (‘the precious sons of Zion’) in the masculine, but when the scribe realized he should have written twnb (‘daughters’) he wrote a tav above the last letter of the first word and simply left the yod, assuming that the reader would accept it in place of the expected waw. Furthermore, he canceled the next word, µóyúróqóyhó, written in the masculine, with dots (see also p. 195) and continued the text with a female form, twkrh (‘the sensitive’). • Many examples in ch. 5c2, especially TABLE 11. In 4QTQahat ar (4Q542), É. Puech, DJD XXXI, 265 distinguishes between the corrections of the original scribe and those of a second scribe using a thinner pen. g. Textual base of corrections
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 211 All the elements imposed on and changed in the base text of the Qumran manuscripts replace that base text. No support has been found for the assumption that some of the added elements should be understood as variant readings collated from another manuscript of the same composition (one possible exception: 1QIsa a XXVII 21 [Isa 33:19] analyzed in ch. 5c3). Furthermore, there is no evidence in the known manuscripts for the marginal notation of so-called ‘parallel readings’ or ‘synonymous readings,’ although the techniques of scribal intervention, when understood wrongly by subsequent scribes, could easily give rise to doublets, as demonstrated by Talmon. 280 Likewise, there is no evidence for assuming any glossing in the Qumran texts (§ h below). Three possibilities come to mind with regard to the textual source from which the visible corrections in the base text derived: • The manuscript from which the present copy was copied (the Vorlage of the scribe), consulted either by the scribe himself or by a subsequent scribe or user. • External sources from which details could have been added or corrected in the base text, possibly because those sources were considered to be superior to or more authoritative than the base text. This could pertain to an authoritative copy of Hebrew Scripture or to a central copy of one of the sectarian writings, such as possibly implied by some corrections in 1QH a which may have been based on 4QH c (4Q429), see ch. 2g. • The internal logic of the first scribe, a later scribe, or a user, without any reference to a written source. Such corrections could reflect the insights or afterthoughts of scribes in matters of content, language, or orthography. In any given scroll, the origin of the corrections may have derived from more than one source. When trying to decide between the different possible sources mentioned above, some considerations should be kept in mind. • In no case are we able to identify with certainty the immediate source from which a Qumran scroll was copied. See ch. 2e. • Consistency in the presumed correction of a text towards another one should never be assumed because the corrector need not have been consistent. • If an obvious error in the base text was corrected, such as a similar-looking or erroneously omitted letter, the correction could have been made according to another exemplar of that text, but it is more likely that such a correction would have been caught by the initial scribe or a careful reader, and could thus have been based on the text from which the scroll was copied initially. • If some or even the majority of the corrections in a given biblical scroll agree with the medieval form of MT, or its proto-Masoretic forerunner, it does not necessarily follow that the corrections were made on the basis of that text. They could still reflect the scribe’s own Vorlage. Due to these difficulties, each manuscript must be studied separately. In <strong>Tov</strong>, “Corrections” these corrections were examined for 4QGen j , 1QIsa a,b , 4QDeut h , 4QJosh b , 4QSam c , 4QJer a , 5QDeut, 11QPs a , and MurXII. That investigation showed that there is no evidence for any external source for the correction of any of the Qumran scrolls other than the texts used by the original scribes. In a nonbiblical scroll, the strongest case for possible correction on the basis of an external source would be 4QTest (see below), but even in this case the evidence is not sufficiently strong. • Possible correction towards a ‘standard text’ in manuscripts belonging to the Masoretic family MurXII: MurXII and the medieval codex L of MT differ in only thirty-seven very small details, a remarkably small number for such a long well-preserved scroll. The great majority of the differences are in matters of orthography. MurXII thus is a typical representative of the proto-Masoretic text, which in eleven instances corrects an earlier text towards the text now named MT. The corrections pertain to small oversights of omitted and incorrectly written details (J. T. Milik, DJD II, 183–4). 280 S. Talmon, “Aspects of the Textual Transmission of the Bible in the Light of the Qumran Manuscripts,” Textus 4 (1964) 95–132.
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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(4) No indication Scribal Practices
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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