SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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120 Chapter 4: Technical Aspects of Scroll Writing (cm) (cm) Corrections 1QM 2.7–3.5 — 20 or 23– 25 r — 30–1 BCE 17 1QapGen ar 2.2–3.1 2.6–3.0 34 30.5–31 30 BCE–68 17 4QCommGen C (4Q254) 16 — 3.8 — — 25–1 BCE 40 4QcryptA Lunisolar Cal. (4Q317) — 2.9–3.1 22 — — — 4QpapHistorical Text C (4Q331) 3.0 — — — c. 50 BCE — 4QpapRitPur B (4Q512) 3.0 — — — c. 85 BCE 32 4QapocrLevib ? ar (4Q541) 1.1+ 3.0 — — c. 100 BCE 35 11QTa (11Q19) — 2.8–3.6 22–29 r — 1–30 CE 16 The number of biblical texts among the scrolls with wide top and bottom margins is very large. Among this group of thirty texts, twenty-two (or 73.3%) are biblical, which implies that largeformat inscription was used especially for the books of Hebrew Scripture. Since among the 930 Qumran texts, only 200 (or 21.5%) are biblical, the percentage of biblical scrolls among the largeformat scrolls is striking. Wide top and bottom margins are possibly connected to any large scroll, not only those containing biblical text, since such margins would be more appropriate aesthetically for any large writing surface. However, among the Qumran scrolls, there are more nonbiblical tall scrolls than the eight scrolls appearing in the table. It therefore remains correct to say that wide margins were used especially in biblical de luxe scrolls. In most cases, the combined size of the top and bottom margins equals some twenty percent of the total height of the leather, while in the case of MurXII these margins amount to twentyfive percent. These proportions conform with the Herculaneum Greek papyri as described by G. Cavallo, Libri scritture scribi a Ercolano ([Naples]: Macchiaroli, 1983) 18, 48. According to W. A. Johnson, The Literary Papyrus Roll, 230–33, the major criterion for recognizing de luxe editions among the Oxyrhynchus papyri is the margin size, such as in the case of the Thucydides papyri P.Oxy. 61.4103–4112 with margins of 4.0–8.0 cm (four texts from of 2 CE) as well as various Herculaneum papyri with margins of 5.0–6.0 cm (Cavallo, Libri scritture). See further the observations on Greek de luxe papyrus rolls by Turner, Greek Manuscripts, 7. b. In the above examples of de luxe editions, large margins usually appear together with a large or very large writing block (as recorded in TABLE 15 above). On the other hand, in other tall scrolls of 30–50 lines (even 60 lines), no such large margins are found. g. The great majority of scrolls written in de luxe format reflect the medieval text of MT, in an exact form in the ten texts from sites other than Qumran, and slightly less so in the nine texts from Qumran, with two scrolls deviating a little more from MT. On the other hand, 4QpaleoExod m resembles the Sam. Pent., 4QDeut k1 was written in the Qumran scribal practice, and 4QSam a and 4QEzek a are independent. Since the de luxe format was used mainly for the scrolls of the Masoretic family, we assume that many de luxe scrolls were produced in the spiritual center of Judaism (see below), the center which subsequently was to formulate the rules for writing which were transmitted in the Talmud and Massekhet Soferim. Among the texts found in the Judean Desert, luxury editions are recognized especially among the biblical texts found at sites other than Qumran. It is not impossible that these scrolls are the ‘corrected copies’ mentioned in rabbinic literature, inter alia in b. Pes. 112a: ‘When you teach CE
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 121 your son, teach him from a corrected copy (hgwm rps).’ These precise scrolls were corrected according to a central text found in the temple court and then used anywhere in ancient Israel. In any event, it is remarkable that the large size of these margins conforms more or less with the instructions in rabbinic literature (§ e above). This fact is rather important for the argument that these scrolls belong to the inner circle of proto-rabbinic scrolls. 168 d. As a rule, de luxe scrolls are characterized by their low level of scribal intervention, as may be expected among predominantly carefully written manuscripts, since the fewer mistakes that are made, the fewer the corrections needed. However, scribal intervention pertains not only to the correction of mistakes, but also to the insertion of scribal changes in the text. We measure this scribal intervention by referring to the average number of lines between two instances of scribal intervention (supralinear corrections, deletions, erasures, reshaping of letters, linear and supralinear scribal signs), listed in the last column of the table. The lower the number, the higher the rate of scribal intervention. This number merely provides an indication of the extent of scribal intervention since partially surviving lines are counted as being complete (for the full data, see APPENDIX 1). Much scribal intervention is evidenced, for example, in a scroll such as 1QIsa a that is far from being a de luxe edition (with an average of one correction in every four lines) and is therefore not included in TABLE 27. One correction per twenty or more lines should probably be considered a low degree of scribal correction, but most scrolls in the table have (far) fewer corrections: 4QGen b , 4QpaleoGen-Exod l, 4QpaleoExod m , XH≥ev/SeNum b, 4QDeut g , 4QJer c , 4QEzek a , MurXII, MasPs a . For a fuller analysis of scribal intervention in these and other texts, see ch. 7a. A relatively high level of scribal intervention is evidenced in 4QExod c and 4QDeut k1 . Other proto-Masoretic scrolls from Qumran which were not written in de luxe format sometimes also reflect little scribal intervention, while scrolls beyond the Masoretic family display more such activity. The implication of this analysis is that we should posit a group of de luxe Bible editions, especially among the later scrolls, characterized by large top and bottom margins, a large number of lines, a high degree of proximity to or even identity with MT, and a low incidence of scribal intervention. In fact, all the scrolls from Nah≥al H≥ever, Murabba>at, and Masada, for which the margins are known, 169 are of this type, while MasLev a (2.8 cm), MasLev b (2.7 cm), and 5/6H≥evPs (2.5–2.7 cm) come very close. At the same time, some de luxe editions are of a different textual nature, as is shown by 4QpaleoExod m and 4QSam a . Other scrolls of large or very large vertical dimensions (tall scrolls of 28 lines or more) listed in TABLE 28 had no exceptionally wide margins, but usually they are larger than average, and often approach 3.0 cm, which has been used as the cut-off measure for TABLE 27. For further details on these texts, see TABLE 15. Some of these texts may also have been intended as de luxe editions. TABLE 28: Hebrew/Aramaic Scrolls of Large Dimensions That May Have Been de Luxe Editions Name No. of Lines Height (cm) Top/Bottom Margins (cm) 4QEn b ar (4Q202) 28, 29 30 — 4QInstr d (4Q418) c. 29 — — 1QSa 29 23.5 1.2–1.7 and 1.7+ 4QPs q 29 23.6 top 2.0 MurIsa 29 19.5 bottom 2.7+ 4QEn c ar (4Q204) 30 24 bottom 2.3 168 The argument is developed in my study “The Text of the Hebrew/Aramaic and Greek Bible Used in the Ancient Synagogues,” in The Ancient Synagogue: From the Beginning to about 200 CE. Papers Presented at the International Conference Held at Lund University Oct. 14–17, 2001 (ed. B. Olsson and M. Zetterholm; ConBNT 39; Stockholm 2003) 239–62. 169 All the biblical scrolls found at these sites attest to the medieval text of MT.
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
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7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
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248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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