SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions rather than any internal logic or sequence of scribal activity. The references in parenthesis refer to the page in this monograph where the prescription or analysis of y. Meg. is discussed. TABLE 1: Scribal Practices and Related Issues Discussed in y. Meg. 1.71b–72a 71b The script of the Torah (p. 247). 71c The Greek translation of the Torah. 71c The number of sheets of scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzot (p. 81). 71c Writing of supralinear letters is permitted in Torah scrolls, but not in tefillin and mezuzot (pp. 226, 228, 259). 71c Minimum length of lines determined as nine letters (p. 83). 71c Same script to be used for Torah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzot. 71c Damaged letters are not permitted in sacred documents (p. 123). 71c Layout of writing in mezuzot (pp. 259–60). 71c Paragraphing in tefillin (p. 259). 71c Amount of permitted corrections per column (p. 256). 71d Shape of tefillin. 71d Space to be left unstitched at the top and bottom of the leather when sheets are stitched together (p. 37). 71d Biblical scrolls need to be written on leather (pp. 32, 254). 71d Ink should be used for writing (p. 53). 71d Ruling is performed with a reed (p. 58). 71d Patching is allowed (p. 124). 71d Stitching is performed with sinews (p. 38). 71d Amount of space to be left between lines, words, letters, and columns (pp. 103, 105, 133, 259). 71d Measurements of top and bottom margins (pp. 99, 253). 71d Amount of space between books (pp. 165). 71d Number of columns per sheet (p. 81). 71d On which side of the leather is the writing to be performed (p. 35)? 71d Use of bars for scrolls of the Torah and the method of rolling and storing scrolls (pp. 42, 118). 71d Medial and final letters (p. 234). 71d Changes made by the Greek translators of the Torah. 71d Writing and correcting of divine names, including prefixes and suffixes (pp. 241, 245). 72a Compound names which are not to be separated (n. 172). Topics that are not covered in this collection are: script to be used, shapes of the letters and their sizes, dipping of ink, nature and use of scribal pens, instruments used for erasure, sizes of the hides, dimensions of the scribal block (size and number of lines), vertical ruling, preparation of the hides, length of scrolls, writing of the text vis-à-vis the lines, application of guide dots, marginal adherence, systems allowed for correcting (erasure, cancellation dots, parenthesis), detailed instructions for paragraphing, and layout of the Songs. Furthermore, there is no reference to details relating to the scroll used as the basis for the copying and the exact presentation of that text (letters, words, layout of the line, shape of the column, paragraphing, etc.), the number of books to be included in a scroll, and copying by more than one scribe. Several of these topics are covered by other instructions appearing elsewhere in rabbinic literature. Many scribal practices reflected in the Qumran texts are thus covered by instructions or descriptions in the later rabbinic sources and, in these cases, one notices agreements and disagreements between the two corpora. Such a comparison is hampered by the internal variety within both the Qumran literature and the rabbinic sources. The comparison can be applied only to books to which the rabbinic rules could apply, namely Scripture, tefillin, and mezuzot. a. Agreements with prescriptions of rabbinic literature • Spaces between the biblical books. See ch. 5a5. • The stichographic arrangement of 1QDeut b and 4QpaleoDeut r follows the rabbinic rule for the writing of Deuteronomy 32. See ch. 5b.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 261 • The great majority of the biblical scrolls written on leather are ruled, as prescribed by rabbinic sources, but so are the nonbiblical scrolls. See ch. 4a. • Bottom margins are usually larger than top margins, as prescribed by b. Menah≥. 30a, y. Meg. 1.71d, and Sof. 2.5. These conventions were followed in most biblical scrolls. See ch. 4, TABLE 19. • Supralinear additions were found in most biblical and nonbiblical scrolls, as permitted by y. Meg. 1.71c and b. Menah≥. 30b. See ch. 5f. • The division of the text into section units reflects in general terms the system prescribed by b. Shabb. 103b. See ch. 5a3. • Unstitched areas at the tops and bottoms of sheets (prescribed by b. Meg. 19b, Sof. 2.18) are found in a few texts: 4QNum b XV, 4QSapiential Work (4Q185), 11QT a (11Q19) (further research is needed in this area). See ch. 3c. b. Disagreement with rules prescribed by rabbinic literature, or rules not mentioned in that literature (rabbinic instructions pertain only to the writing of sacred texts): • Crossing out a word with a horizontal line. This practice, also known from Greek sources and not mentioned in rabbinic literature, has been identified in six biblical texts, mainly non- Masoretic. See ch. 5, TABLE 16. • Stichographic arrangement. Several Songs in the Torah are not written according to the rabbinic regulations, and various types of stichographic arrangement of the Psalms are not mentioned in rabbinic literature. See ch. 5b. • Guide dots, not mentioned in rabbinic literature, are found in many biblical texts. See ch. 4, TABLES 3 and 4. • Cancellation dots are mentioned in rabbinic sources, but not as a correction procedure. This procedure was used in several biblical scrolls. See cf. 5f. • Parenthesis signs, not mentioned in rabbinic literature as a correction procedure, are found in some biblical texts. See ch. 5c2. • The writing of biblical texts on papyrus is forbidden according to m. Meg. 2.2 and y. Meg. 1.71d, while a few such papyri are known. See ch. 3a. • Against the prescription in b. Menah≥. 31b, several tears in 1QIsa a were stitched up after the leather had been inscribed. See ch. 4i. • Writing on attached patches, disallowed by Sof. 2.17, but allowed by y. Meg. 1.71d, is found in 4QpaleoExod m col. VIII. See ch. 4i. • Scribal markings of several types are found in the margins of biblical and nonbiblical texts of different types (ch. 5c2). Rabbinic literature does not explicitly forbid scribal marks, but probably they would be disallowed by the stringent copying laws. At the same time, a small number of such notations are found in MT (ch. 5c10). • Section markers of different types found in several biblical scrolls are not mentioned in rabbinic literature. See ch. 5c1. • The writing of the Tetragrammaton and other divine names in the paleo-Hebrew script as recorded in ch. 6, TABLE 1 is not explicitly forbidden in rabbinic literature. Since the use of that script was forbidden for complete biblical texts, it can also be assumed that individual words written in that script would probably be disallowed. At the same time, the concept of the sanctity of the divine names, which is behind the writing in paleo-Hebrew characters, is in agreement with y. Meg. 1.71d (cf. Sof. 4.1–8). • The remodeling of letters in 1QIsa a and in several sectarian texts is not mentioned in Soferim as a legitimate correcting procedure. See ch. 5f.
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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(4) No indication Scribal Practices
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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Page 297 and 298: APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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Page 305 and 306: APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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Page 315 and 316: P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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