Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Intellectual Capital

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The Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Process and Product Innovation in Banks: An Exploratory Study Ahmed Elsetouhi and Ibrahim Elbeltagi Plymouth University, School <strong>of</strong> Management, UK ahmed.elsetouhi@plymouth.ac.uk i.elbeltagi@plymouth.ac.uk Abstract: Innovation becomes an important tool to deal with financial disasters and uncertainty environments. Therefore, Banks look for <strong>the</strong> most important resources to support process and product Innovation. In <strong>the</strong> new knowledge based economy, intellectual capital(IC) represents an essential resource and it is essential source <strong>of</strong> wealth and development. Hence, this study aims to build a conceptual framework for <strong>the</strong> relationship between IC namely, human capital (HC), structural capital (SC), customer capital (CC) and, product and process innovation. This research depends on actor network <strong>the</strong>ory (ANT) to explain <strong>the</strong>se relationships. Based on a review <strong>of</strong> literature, conceptual framework focuses on a series <strong>of</strong> stages which start with determining human actors like HC and CC, and non-human actors i.e. SC and finish by encouraging o<strong>the</strong>r actors like social capital to join to this network. Finally, it is <strong>the</strong>oretically expected that relationships between IC and, process and product innovation are mutual significant positive. Keywords: Intellectual capital, product innovation, process innovation, actor network <strong>the</strong>ory 1. Introduction Banks face financial disasters which cause bankruptcy in many banks. They must be able to adapt and evolve if <strong>the</strong>y wish to survive. Innovation is <strong>the</strong> key stipulation for survival. If banks ignore innovation, <strong>the</strong>y will pass away (e.g. Johnson 1999; Trott 2005). Resources (ei<strong>the</strong>r tangible or intangible) considered as inputs to significantly support innovation in banks (Yang et al. 2009). In <strong>the</strong> era <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> knowledge economy, intellectual capital (IC) becomes important determinants <strong>of</strong> competitive advantages and has capabilities to face uncertainty environment even though physical assets were key resources in <strong>the</strong> past. With incessant investments in intangible assets, <strong>the</strong> traditional accounting system can no longer accurately evaluate <strong>the</strong> real value <strong>of</strong> organization. The market value <strong>of</strong> a firm is equal to its financial capital plus its intangible assets (Johnson 1999). However, in <strong>the</strong> new economy era, a firm’s intellectual capital is always greater than its financial capital. The IC <strong>of</strong> an organization is "equal three to four times over its book value" (Edvinsson and Malone 1997). In addition, in knowledge- intensive industries, like banks, added value grows mainly from intangible assets and <strong>the</strong> difference between market value and book value has been increasing continuously. This is due to <strong>the</strong> essential role <strong>of</strong> IC as a key resource in supporting <strong>the</strong> added value (Stewart 1997). Previous studies which examined <strong>the</strong> relationship between IC and innovation had characteristically focused on two major streams. The first group focuses on <strong>the</strong> relationship between IC (i.e. human capital, structural capital and relational capital) and innovation, specifically, incremental and radical innovation in manufacturing sector (e.g. Subramaniam and Youndt 2005; Marqués et al. 2006).The second group focuses on <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> IC on innovation but <strong>the</strong>y ignored which kind <strong>of</strong> innovation is affected by IC (Wu et al. 2008). By analysing <strong>the</strong> literature review, this study found that many researchers individually examined <strong>the</strong> relationship between <strong>the</strong> components <strong>of</strong> IC- without a holistic <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mutual effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se components - and <strong>the</strong> types <strong>of</strong> innovation, namely, product and process innovation in manufacturing sector (e.g. Pizarro et al. 2009; Carmona-Lavado et al. 2010; Lau et al. 2010; Rohrbeck et al. 2010). In <strong>the</strong> same time, most researchers agreed that <strong>the</strong> intellectual capital consist <strong>of</strong>, at least, three components (i.e. human capital, structural capital and relational capital) (e.g. Bontis 1998; Bollen et al. 2005; Torres 2006; Cohen and Kaimenakis 2007; Chen et al. 2009; Hsu and Fang 2009; Shih et al. 2010). Hence, this research considers that <strong>the</strong>se studies did not examine <strong>the</strong> relationship between IC and product innovation and process innovation in both manufacturing and service sector. There a scarce <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> studies that explored <strong>the</strong> mutual relationships between IC and product innovation and process innovation. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> present study addresses this gap in <strong>the</strong> literature. So this study aims to build a conceptual framework depending on actor network <strong>the</strong>ory to explain <strong>the</strong>se relationships Moreover, Although most <strong>of</strong> previous studies using actor network <strong>the</strong>ory to explain <strong>the</strong>ir variables have focused on translation stage as central point in this <strong>the</strong>ory, <strong>the</strong>y have ignored how can 147
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Proceedings <stron
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Contents Paper Title Author(s) Page
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Paper Title Author(s) Page No. Hier
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Preface These proceedings represent
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educating through ‘hands on’ co
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Ibrahim Elbeltagi is a Senior lectu
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Theodora Ngosi has a PhD in Compute
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José Vale is an invited assistant
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Social Knowledge: Are you Ready? 1
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John Girard don’t know.” (Benne
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John Girard The real question becom
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John Girard our belief that many le
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John Girard organizations to gain k
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Intellectual Capital Accounting - H
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Academic Research Papers 15
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Khodayar Abili and Mahyar Abili The
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Khodayar Abili and Mahyar Abili Nah
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Khodayar Abili and Mahyar Abili Tim
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Knowledge Transfer in Romanian Univ
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Simona Agoston et al. Table 1: Know
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Simona Agoston et al. homoscedastic
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Simona Agoston et al. included in <
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A Modeling Approach to Intellectual
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Eckhard Ammann (referring to <stron
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Eckhard Ammann Figure 2: The IC spa
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Eckhard Ammann section 2. They are
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Eckhard Ammann From an overall pers
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Sorin Anagnoste and Gabriela Dumitr
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Gabriela Atanasiu and Florin Leon T
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Gabriela Atanasiu and Florin Leon
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Gabriela Atanasiu and Florin Leon B
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Gabriela Atanasiu and Florin Leon a
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Developing and Implementing Strateg
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2. Technology, faculty, and staff B
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Learning programs Individual poten
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Bob Barrett facts with the<
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Intellectual Capital Dynamics withi
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Ruxandra Bejinaru and Stefan Iordac
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Education and Training Practice Str
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Andrea Bencsik et al. We wanted to
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Andrea Bencsik et al. In this sampl
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Table 4: Types of
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References Andrea Bencsik et al. An
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Ayşen Berberoğlu and Emine Ünar
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Ayşen Berberoğlu and Emine Ünar
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Table 7: Descriptive statistics Ay
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Knowledge Dynamics Modeling Using A
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Page 148 and 149: Marziye Ehrami et al. 1. Creation
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Víctor Raúl López Ruiz et al. Co
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Víctor Raúl López Ruiz et al. At
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Maria de Lourdes Machado and Odíli
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Intellectual Capital and Corporate
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Agnes Maciocha when objects in a da
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Agnes Maciocha 4. Presentation <str
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Agnes Maciocha while in the
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Agnes Maciocha Choong K., “Intell
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The Influence of H
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Anca Mândruleanu From the<
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Anca Mândruleanu In Table 2, <stro
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Eliciting Tacit Knowledge From a Do
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Peter Marshall and Damian Gordon MM
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Peter Marshall and Damian Gordon re
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Peter Marshall and Damian Gordon ar
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Peter Marshall and Damian Gordon Th
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Maurizio Massaro et al. crucial fac
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Maurizio Massaro et al. exclusive (
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Maurizio Massaro et al. autonomy <s
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Maurizio Massaro et al. Chennal (20
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Intellectual Capital Management: Ca
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Florinda Matos et al. These models
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Complaints System dos clients New
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Florinda Matos et al. Finally, <str
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Florinda Matos et al. The training
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Florinda Matos et al. 47. Opinion
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Florinda Matos et al. In th
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Florinda Matos et al. The Quadrant
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Florinda Matos et al. Integrated te
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Florinda Matos et al. The networks
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Knowledge Management for Knowledge
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3. Our research Ludmila Mládková
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Ludmila Mládková organizational s
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Ludmila Mládková mentioned only b
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Applying the VAIC
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Maria Molodchik and Anna Bykova pro
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Maria Molodchik and Anna Bykova 2.
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Maria Molodchik and Anna Bykova Let
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Maria Molodchik and Anna Bykova The
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Perspectives on the</strong
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Maria Cristina Morariu as we consid
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Maria Cristina Morariu Tobin’s q
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Maria Cristina Morariu for determin
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The Structural Model of</st
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Fattah Nazem Ackerley (2006) reveal
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Fattah Nazem The research instrumen
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Fattah Nazem intellectual capital m
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Fattah Nazem Johnson, M.J. (1986) T
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Andrei Stefan Nestian organization.
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Andrei Stefan Nestian Chaordic syst
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Andrei Stefan Nestian environment,
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Increasing Knowledge Management Mat
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Theodora Ngosi et al. 2.2 Dominatin
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Theodora Ngosi et al. Figure 1: Del
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Theodora Ngosi et al. IT systems, a
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5. Discussion and summary Theodora
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Theodora Ngosi et al. Weill, P., an
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Bongani Ngwenya late adopters respo
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Bongani Ngwenya This paper extends
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Bongani Ngwenya argument, t
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Bongani Ngwenya DiMaggio, P. J., an
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The Quality of Kno
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5.2 5 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4 3.8 Compete
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Corina Pelau et al. In order to imp
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Hierarchy and Tacit Knowledge in <s
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Ulrica Pettersson and James Nyce in
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Ulrica Pettersson and James Nyce mi
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Katja Pook and Campbell Warden time
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Katja Pook and Campbell Warden futu
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5. Commonalities of</strong
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Katja Pook and Campbell Warden <str
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Katja Pook and Campbell Warden Lazl
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Nicolae Al. Pop et al. satisfaction
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Nicolae Al. Pop et al. the<
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Nicolae Al. Pop et al. satisfaction
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Knowledge Cities: A Portuguese Case
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Katia Rodrigues and Eduardo Tomé
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3. The empirical study 3.1 Methodol
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Table 3: Smart cities - application
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4.3 Suggestions to future work Kati
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti 2. Orga
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti based o
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti Governa
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti Therefo
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti Valkoka
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Kent Rondeau and Terry Wagar planne
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2.1 Study measures Kent Rondeau and
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Kent Rondeau and Terry Wagar contri
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Kent Rondeau and Terry Wagar Our re
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Intellectual Capital and a Firm’s
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Figure 1: Hypothes
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Helena Santos-Rodrigues et al. Norm
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Helena Santos-Rodrigues et al. To s
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Helena Santos-Rodrigues et al. Our
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Factors Influencing the</st
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. 2.3
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. The
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. gro
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. The
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. 11.
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Enhancing IC Formation by Evoking H
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Klaus Bruno Schebesch to portray <s
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Klaus Bruno Schebesch 4. Leaning an
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Klaus Bruno Schebesch We argue in f
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Klaus Bruno Schebesch come
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In Search of key F
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Karen Smits et al. contribution, wi
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Karen Smits et al. Table 1: Correla
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Karen Smits et al. staff feel that
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Marta-Christina Suciu et al. This p
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Marta-Christina Suciu et al. <stron
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Marta-Christina Suciu et al. The qu
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Marta-Christina Suciu et al. This t
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Information and Communication Techn
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Jukka Surakka et al. The participan
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Jukka Surakka et al. people. Commun
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Personal Knowledge Management (PKM)
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Marzena Świgoń provide th
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Marzena Świgoń (number and type <
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Marzena Świgoń measure self-perce
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Eduardo Tomé what we consider to b
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Eduardo Tomé IC. The intervention
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Eduardo Tomé In the</stro
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Eduardo Tomé to stress that <stron
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Eleni Magdalini Vasileiadou et al.
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José María Viedma Marti products
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Sustainable competitive advantage T
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José María Viedma Marti knowledge
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José María Viedma Marti pr<strong
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José María Viedma Marti All <stro
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ICBS I CBS José María Viedma Mart
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José María Viedma Marti Sullivan,
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2. Balanced scorecard framework Ang
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Angelos Vouldis and Angelica Kokkin
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Unclear benefits of</strong
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Angelos Vouldis and Angelica Kokkin
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9. Discussion and conclusions Angel
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The Global Position of</str
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Piotr Wisniewski safeguarding IC vi
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Piotr Wisniewski Figure 2: Ten larg
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Piotr Wisniewski suspected
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Piotr Wisniewski 2) Slow growth in
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Piotr Wisniewski US 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.3
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498
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500
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2. Hypothesis deve
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3.2 Control variables Deborah Brans
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Deborah Branswijck and Patricia Eve
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Deborah Branswijck and Patricia Eve
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Korosh Gholami et al. Durkheim beli
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Korosh Gholami et al. The effect <s
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Measure the Unmeas
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Knowledge Capital 5. Efforts for de
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Exclusive use of L
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Emmanouil Gkinoglou from th
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Project Assets Need for synergies Q
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Table 5: Sustainability checklist E
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Emmanouil Gkinoglou The next challe
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Kai Mertins and Ronald Orth generat
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Kai Mertins and Ronald Orth Never<s
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Kai Mertins and Ronald Orth <strong
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Ad 2 Structure of
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Kai Mertins and Ronald Orth Hauff,
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Maria Simonova “Concept o
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Maria Simonova The concept regardin
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Maria Simonova Becker, G. S. (1983)
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2. The aim of appl
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Nellija Titova W+I+DP+D+T+M+R (equa
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Nellija Titova performing better. I
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5. Conclusions and furthe</
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Nellija Titova Annex 2: Summary on
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Meaning in the tab
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Krishanthi Ganga Vithana et al. for
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Krishanthi Ganga Vithana et al. sti
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5. Conclusion Krishanthi Ganga Vith
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The Tobing Knowledge Management Arc
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Paul Lumbantobing et al. user, know
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Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Intellectual Capital

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