Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Intellectual Capital

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Albrecht Fritzsche and Rebecca Geiger Hall, B. H. (2007) “Patents and Patent Policy”, OxREP article, Dezember 2007, http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~bhhall/papers/BHH07_OxREP_patents.pdf Hall, B. H., Jaffe, A. and Trajtenberg, M. (2000) Market Value and Patent Citation: A First Look. NBER Working Paper, No. 7741. Harabi, N. (1995) “Appropriability <strong>of</strong> technical innovation: an empirical analysis”, Research Policy, Vol. 24, pp 981-992. Harh<strong>of</strong>f, D. (2006) „Patente – Segen oder Fluch für Innovationen?“, zfbf Sonderheft, Vol. 54, pp 86-109. Henkel, J. (2004) Open-Source-Aktivitäten von Unternehmen – Innovationen in kollektiven Prozessen. Habilitationsschrift Universität München. Hipp, C. (2006) “Strategies for <strong>the</strong> management <strong>of</strong> Intellectual Property Rights in Service-Intensive Companies”. Full paper presented at <strong>the</strong> Annual Academy <strong>of</strong> Management <strong>Conference</strong> 2006, selected for <strong>the</strong> Best Paper Award <strong>Proceedings</strong> 2006, August 11th-16th, 2006, Atlanta, USA. Hussinger, K. (2006) “Is Silence Golden? Patents Versus Secrecy at <strong>the</strong> Firm Level”, Economic <strong>of</strong> Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp 735-752. Kanwar, S., Evenson, R. (2003) “Does Intellectual Property Protection Spur Technological Change?”, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp 235-264, http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp831.pdf Lerner, J. (1995) “Patenting in <strong>the</strong> Shadow <strong>of</strong> Competitors”, Journal <strong>of</strong> Law and Economics, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp 463-495. Lerner, J. (2000) 150 Years <strong>of</strong> Patent Protection. National Bureau <strong>of</strong> Economic Research Working Paper No. 7478. Lerner, J. (2002) “150 Years <strong>of</strong> Patent Protection”, American Economic Review Papers and <strong>Proceedings</strong>, Vol. 92, No. 2, pp 221-225. Levin, R. C., Klevorick, A. K., Nelson, R. R. and Winter, S. G. (1987) “Appropriating <strong>the</strong> returns from industrial research and development”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 3, pp 783-820. Maddocks, J., Beaney, M. (2002) “See <strong>the</strong> invisible and intangible”, Knowledge Management, March 2002, pp 16-17. Mansfield, E., Schwartz, M. and Wagner, S. (1981) “Imitation Costs And Patents: An Empirical Study”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 91, pp 907-918. Monk, A. H. B. (2009) "The emerging markets for intellectual property: drivers, restrainers, and implications" Journal <strong>of</strong> Economic Geography 9, pp 469-491. Nordhaus, W. (1969): Invention, Growth & Welfare: A <strong>the</strong>oretical treatment on technological change. MIT Press. Ostergard Jr., R. L. (2000) “The Measurement <strong>of</strong> Intellectual Property Rights Protection”, Journal <strong>of</strong> International Business Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp 349-360. Pitkethly, R. (2006) UK Intellectual Property Awareness Survey 2006. UK Intellectual Property Office, The Institute <strong>of</strong> Intellectual Property, London. http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipsurvey.pdf. Qian, Y. (2006) “Do National Patent Laws Stimulate Innovation in a Global Patenting Environment? A Cross-Country Analysis <strong>of</strong> Pharmaceutical Patent Protection, 1978-2002”. Working Paper, later The Review <strong>of</strong> Economics and Statistics, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp 436-453. Rammer, C. (2002) Patente und Marken als Schutzmechanismen für Innovationen. Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem Nr. 11-2003. Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung - ZEW, Mannheim. Romer, P. M. (1990) “Endogenous Growth and Technical Change,” Journal <strong>of</strong> Political Economy, 99, pp 807-827. Sattler, H. (2003) “Appropriability <strong>of</strong> Product Innovations. An Empirical Analysis for Germany”, International Journal <strong>of</strong> Technology Management, Vol. 26, pp 502-516. Scholl, A. (2001) Robuste Planung und Optimierung: Grundlagen – Konzepte und Methoden – Experimentelle Untersuchungen. Physika, Heidelberg. Skyrme, D. J. (1998) “Valuing Knowledge: Is it Worth it?” Managing Information, Vol 8, No. 3, http://www.skyrme.com/pubs/im0398.htm. Stewart, T. A. (1997) Intellectual Capital - The New Wealth <strong>of</strong> Organizations. Crown Business, New York et al. Sullivan, P. H. (2000) Value-driven Intellectual Capital. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Sveiby, K. E. (1997) "The Intangible Asset Monitor", Journal <strong>of</strong> Human Resource Casting and Accounting, Vol. 2, No. 1. Thurow, L. C. (1997) “Needed: A new system <strong>of</strong> intellectual property rights”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 75, pp 95-103. 164
Intangible Assets and Value Creation <strong>of</strong> a Company: Russian and UK Evidence Tatiana Garanina and Yana Pavlova Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Management, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia garanina@gsom.pu.ru pavlova.bm2010@edu.gsom.pu.ru Abstract: The paper is devoted to <strong>the</strong> question <strong>of</strong> Value-Based Management (VBA) and <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> Intangible Assets (IA) in value creation <strong>of</strong> a company. The main research objective is to define <strong>the</strong> impact <strong>of</strong> fundamental value <strong>of</strong> both tangible and intangible assets <strong>of</strong> a company on market value <strong>of</strong> its assets. As a general approach, <strong>the</strong> method based on residual operating income (REOI) model as a variant <strong>of</strong> fundamental value <strong>of</strong> equity model is used herein for IA evaluation. Developed econometric model is tested on <strong>the</strong> data <strong>of</strong> Russian and UK companies which are listed on Russian Trade System and London Stock Exchange respectively. In <strong>the</strong> focus <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> research <strong>the</strong>re is both <strong>the</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sampled companies as a whole as well as divided into five aggregated industries: mechanical engineering, extractive industry, power engineering, communication services, and metallurgy. The main directions for fur<strong>the</strong>r research in this field are outlined. Keywords: intangible assets, intellectual capital, valuation, residual operating income, fundamental value 1. Introduction Rapid technological advancement, deregulation and globalization have forced companies to go through <strong>the</strong> process <strong>of</strong> reinventing. That means that <strong>the</strong>y should develop new advantages while undermining strategic advantages <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir competitors within an increasingly intensive competitive environment. Research in <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> intellectual capital (IC) involves <strong>the</strong> finding for “understanding <strong>the</strong> roots <strong>of</strong> a company’s value, <strong>the</strong> measurement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hidden dynamic factors that underlie <strong>the</strong> visible company…” [Edvinsson, Malone, 1997, p.11]. In today’s knowledge-based economy, two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most important “hidden dynamic factors” in an organization are knowledge and know how which are created by and stored in its people (human capital), relations (relationship capital) and organizational information technology systems and processes (organizational capital). The main findings <strong>of</strong> IC research suggest that it is <strong>the</strong> leveraging <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se three components that allow an organization to create and sustain a competitive advantage [Edvinsson, Malone, 1997; Stewart, 1997; Stam 2010]. The issue <strong>of</strong> IA contribution to increasing a company’s value has been raised by many researchers. [Edvinsson, Malone, 1997, p. 11] stated that analyzing a company’s intellectual capital helps seeing <strong>the</strong> “roots <strong>of</strong> company value creation”. [Lev, 2003] continuously stresses that intangible assets are “major drivers <strong>of</strong> company growth and value in most economy sectors”. Practical research does prove <strong>the</strong> idea. As [Kozyrev, Makarov, 2003, p. 59] point out, “…according to Charles Handy, <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> a corporation’s intellectual capital is usually three to four times bigger than all its tangible assets. In 1996, L. Edvinsson already considered that data outdated. He estimated that <strong>the</strong> ratio for most companies at 5:1 up to 16:1. In 1996–2001, <strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> intellectual capital was still growing. In o<strong>the</strong>r words, value <strong>of</strong> contemporary companies is mostly defined by <strong>the</strong>ir IC”. The growing importance <strong>of</strong> IA is well illustrated by Interbrand’s research represented in [Doyle, 2000, p.298]. The research positively proves that for contemporary companies, a major source <strong>of</strong> prosperity and most important resource is nei<strong>the</strong>r physical capital nor material assets—it is <strong>the</strong> intellectual capital. The increasing gap between market and book value <strong>of</strong> companies spurred reflections on <strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> intangible assets and <strong>the</strong> way <strong>the</strong>y are measured. As Figure 1 shows, <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> intangible assets is understated while <strong>the</strong> premium market is huge. 165
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Proceedings <stron
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Contents Paper Title Author(s) Page
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Paper Title Author(s) Page No. Hier
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Preface These proceedings represent
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educating through ‘hands on’ co
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Ibrahim Elbeltagi is a Senior lectu
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Theodora Ngosi has a PhD in Compute
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José Vale is an invited assistant
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Social Knowledge: Are you Ready? 1
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John Girard don’t know.” (Benne
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John Girard The real question becom
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John Girard our belief that many le
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John Girard organizations to gain k
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Intellectual Capital Accounting - H
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Academic Research Papers 15
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Khodayar Abili and Mahyar Abili The
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Khodayar Abili and Mahyar Abili Nah
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Khodayar Abili and Mahyar Abili Tim
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Knowledge Transfer in Romanian Univ
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Simona Agoston et al. Table 1: Know
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Simona Agoston et al. homoscedastic
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Simona Agoston et al. included in <
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A Modeling Approach to Intellectual
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Eckhard Ammann (referring to <stron
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Eckhard Ammann Figure 2: The IC spa
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Eckhard Ammann section 2. They are
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Eckhard Ammann From an overall pers
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Sorin Anagnoste and Gabriela Dumitr
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Gabriela Atanasiu and Florin Leon T
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Gabriela Atanasiu and Florin Leon
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Gabriela Atanasiu and Florin Leon B
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Gabriela Atanasiu and Florin Leon a
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Developing and Implementing Strateg
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2. Technology, faculty, and staff B
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Learning programs Individual poten
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Bob Barrett facts with the<
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Intellectual Capital Dynamics withi
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Ruxandra Bejinaru and Stefan Iordac
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Education and Training Practice Str
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Andrea Bencsik et al. We wanted to
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Andrea Bencsik et al. In this sampl
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Table 4: Types of
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References Andrea Bencsik et al. An
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Ayşen Berberoğlu and Emine Ünar
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Ayşen Berberoğlu and Emine Ünar
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Table 7: Descriptive statistics Ay
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Knowledge Dynamics Modeling Using A
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Constantin Bratianu et al. will hav
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Constantin Bratianu et al. 5. a) Gi
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Constantin Bratianu et al. 5. Data
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Constantin Bratianu et al. Nissen,
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2. Technology and infrastructure Sh
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Sheryl Buckley and Apostolos Gianna
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Page 130 and 131: Donley Carrington and Mike Tayles t
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Page 140 and 141: John Dumay and Jim Rooney on a more
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Page 144 and 145: John Dumay and Jim Rooney “For ex
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Page 148 and 149: Marziye Ehrami et al. 1. Creation
Page 150 and 151: Marziye Ehrami et al. Note: In 2005
Page 152 and 153: Earnings Quality and Othe</
Page 154 and 155: Magdi El-Bannany resource-based per
Page 156 and 157: Magdi El-Bannany Based on this argu
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Page 162 and 163: Magdi El-Bannany Edvinsson, L. & Ma
Page 164 and 165: Ahmed Elsetouhi and Ibrahim Elbelta
Page 174 and 175: Albrecht Fritzsche and Rebecca Geig
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Page 178 and 179: Table 4: Applicability of</
Page 182 and 183: S&P 500 Market Cap ($ billions) 14,
Page 184 and 185: Tatiana Garanina and Yana Pavlova T
Page 190 and 191: Tatiana Garanina and Yana Pavlova I
Page 192 and 193: Impact of Investme
Page 194 and 195: Lidia García-Zambrano et al. 2003;
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Page 198 and 199: Table 7: Goodness of</stron
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Page 216 and 217: Maria de Lourdes Machado and Odíli
Page 222 and 223: Intellectual Capital and Corporate
Page 224 and 225: Agnes Maciocha when objects in a da
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Agnes Maciocha Choong K., “Intell
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The Influence of H
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Anca Mândruleanu From the<
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Anca Mândruleanu In Table 2, <stro
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Eliciting Tacit Knowledge From a Do
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Peter Marshall and Damian Gordon MM
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Peter Marshall and Damian Gordon re
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Peter Marshall and Damian Gordon ar
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Peter Marshall and Damian Gordon Th
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Maurizio Massaro et al. crucial fac
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Maurizio Massaro et al. exclusive (
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Maurizio Massaro et al. autonomy <s
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Maurizio Massaro et al. Chennal (20
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Intellectual Capital Management: Ca
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Florinda Matos et al. These models
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Complaints System dos clients New
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Florinda Matos et al. Finally, <str
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Florinda Matos et al. The training
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Florinda Matos et al. 47. Opinion
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Florinda Matos et al. In th
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Florinda Matos et al. The Quadrant
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Florinda Matos et al. Integrated te
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Florinda Matos et al. The networks
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Knowledge Management for Knowledge
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3. Our research Ludmila Mládková
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Ludmila Mládková organizational s
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Ludmila Mládková mentioned only b
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Applying the VAIC
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Maria Molodchik and Anna Bykova pro
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Maria Molodchik and Anna Bykova 2.
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Maria Molodchik and Anna Bykova Let
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Maria Molodchik and Anna Bykova The
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Perspectives on the</strong
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Maria Cristina Morariu as we consid
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Maria Cristina Morariu Tobin’s q
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Maria Cristina Morariu for determin
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The Structural Model of</st
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Fattah Nazem Ackerley (2006) reveal
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Fattah Nazem The research instrumen
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Fattah Nazem intellectual capital m
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Fattah Nazem Johnson, M.J. (1986) T
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Andrei Stefan Nestian organization.
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Andrei Stefan Nestian Chaordic syst
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Andrei Stefan Nestian environment,
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Increasing Knowledge Management Mat
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Theodora Ngosi et al. 2.2 Dominatin
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Theodora Ngosi et al. Figure 1: Del
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Theodora Ngosi et al. IT systems, a
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5. Discussion and summary Theodora
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Theodora Ngosi et al. Weill, P., an
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Bongani Ngwenya late adopters respo
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Bongani Ngwenya This paper extends
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Bongani Ngwenya argument, t
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Bongani Ngwenya DiMaggio, P. J., an
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The Quality of Kno
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5.2 5 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4 3.8 Compete
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Corina Pelau et al. In order to imp
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Hierarchy and Tacit Knowledge in <s
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Ulrica Pettersson and James Nyce in
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Ulrica Pettersson and James Nyce mi
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Katja Pook and Campbell Warden time
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Katja Pook and Campbell Warden futu
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5. Commonalities of</strong
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Katja Pook and Campbell Warden <str
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Katja Pook and Campbell Warden Lazl
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Nicolae Al. Pop et al. satisfaction
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Nicolae Al. Pop et al. the<
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Nicolae Al. Pop et al. satisfaction
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Knowledge Cities: A Portuguese Case
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Katia Rodrigues and Eduardo Tomé
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3. The empirical study 3.1 Methodol
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Table 3: Smart cities - application
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4.3 Suggestions to future work Kati
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti 2. Orga
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti based o
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti Governa
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti Therefo
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Anna Romiti and Daria Sarti Valkoka
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Kent Rondeau and Terry Wagar planne
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2.1 Study measures Kent Rondeau and
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Kent Rondeau and Terry Wagar contri
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Kent Rondeau and Terry Wagar Our re
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Intellectual Capital and a Firm’s
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Figure 1: Hypothes
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Helena Santos-Rodrigues et al. Norm
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Helena Santos-Rodrigues et al. To s
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Helena Santos-Rodrigues et al. Our
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Factors Influencing the</st
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. 2.3
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. The
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. gro
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. The
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Thanaletchumi Sathasivam et al. 11.
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Enhancing IC Formation by Evoking H
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Klaus Bruno Schebesch to portray <s
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Klaus Bruno Schebesch 4. Leaning an
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Klaus Bruno Schebesch We argue in f
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Klaus Bruno Schebesch come
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In Search of key F
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Karen Smits et al. contribution, wi
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Karen Smits et al. Table 1: Correla
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Karen Smits et al. staff feel that
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Marta-Christina Suciu et al. This p
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Marta-Christina Suciu et al. <stron
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Marta-Christina Suciu et al. The qu
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Marta-Christina Suciu et al. This t
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Information and Communication Techn
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Jukka Surakka et al. The participan
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Jukka Surakka et al. people. Commun
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Personal Knowledge Management (PKM)
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Marzena Świgoń provide th
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Marzena Świgoń (number and type <
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Marzena Świgoń measure self-perce
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Eduardo Tomé what we consider to b
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Eduardo Tomé IC. The intervention
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Eduardo Tomé In the</stro
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Eduardo Tomé to stress that <stron
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Eleni Magdalini Vasileiadou et al.
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José María Viedma Marti products
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Sustainable competitive advantage T
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José María Viedma Marti knowledge
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José María Viedma Marti pr<strong
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José María Viedma Marti All <stro
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ICBS I CBS José María Viedma Mart
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José María Viedma Marti Sullivan,
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2. Balanced scorecard framework Ang
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Angelos Vouldis and Angelica Kokkin
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Unclear benefits of</strong
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Angelos Vouldis and Angelica Kokkin
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9. Discussion and conclusions Angel
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The Global Position of</str
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Piotr Wisniewski safeguarding IC vi
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Piotr Wisniewski Figure 2: Ten larg
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Piotr Wisniewski suspected
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Piotr Wisniewski 2) Slow growth in
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Piotr Wisniewski US 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.3
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498
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500
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2. Hypothesis deve
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3.2 Control variables Deborah Brans
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Deborah Branswijck and Patricia Eve
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Deborah Branswijck and Patricia Eve
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Korosh Gholami et al. Durkheim beli
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Korosh Gholami et al. The effect <s
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Measure the Unmeas
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Knowledge Capital 5. Efforts for de
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Exclusive use of L
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Emmanouil Gkinoglou from th
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Project Assets Need for synergies Q
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Table 5: Sustainability checklist E
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Emmanouil Gkinoglou The next challe
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Kai Mertins and Ronald Orth generat
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Kai Mertins and Ronald Orth Never<s
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Kai Mertins and Ronald Orth <strong
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Ad 2 Structure of
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Kai Mertins and Ronald Orth Hauff,
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Maria Simonova “Concept o
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Maria Simonova The concept regardin
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Maria Simonova Becker, G. S. (1983)
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2. The aim of appl
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Nellija Titova W+I+DP+D+T+M+R (equa
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Nellija Titova performing better. I
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5. Conclusions and furthe</
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Nellija Titova Annex 2: Summary on
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Meaning in the tab
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Krishanthi Ganga Vithana et al. for
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Krishanthi Ganga Vithana et al. sti
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5. Conclusion Krishanthi Ganga Vith
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The Tobing Knowledge Management Arc
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Paul Lumbantobing et al. user, know
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Paul Lumbantobing et al. people con
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Paul Lumbantobing et al. influence
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Develop KM Strategy Description Dev
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Paul Lumbantobing et al. In <strong
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Yuli Purwanti et al. Figure 1: Imag
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Yuli Purwanti et al. Table below is
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582
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584
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Nargiza Abdullaeva and Campbell War
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Andreea Feraru and Nicoleta Ciucesc
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Roxana Mironescu This could be <str
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Roxana Mironescu Daft, R.L. (2002)
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Paloma Sánchez and Oihana Basilio
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Evaluating Intellectual Capital Usi
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Table 1. CRS input efficiency score
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Stelian Stancu and Anca Domnica Lup
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José Vale et al. However, it is im
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José Vale et al. Pöyhönen, A. an
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