Travel in London Travel in London

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9. London’s air quality and greenhouse gas emissions and transport and public health highlighted the importance of air pollutants on both short and long term health effects including hospital admissions due respiratory and cardiovascular difficulties as a result of air pollution, alongside the potential economic costs. Strategic framework In 2010, the Mayor published Clearing the air: The Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy, and in 2011 he published Delivering London’s Energy Future: The Mayor’s Climate Change Mitigation and Energy Strategy. Together these contain a range of transport and non-transport measures to reduce emissions to mitigate climate change and improve London’s air quality. Since then significant progress has been made in delivering these improvements and building on the wide ranging measures set out in these strategies. In 2014, TfL published its Transport Emissions Road Map (TERM), which took stock of progress to date and sought to establish priorities and recommendations for future policy in this area (see http://content.tfl.gov.uk/transport-emissions-roadmap.pdf). This section summarises the key progress so far, based on TERM. Summary Steps taken to reduce emissions can generally be categorised into four types. The section below summarises progress under these headings: • Promoting a shift towards more sustainable travel choices • Environmentally efficient use of existing vehicles and technology • Development and uptake of low emission vehicles and technologies • Tackling local air pollution focus areas or ‘hot spots’. Promoting a shift towards more sustainable travel choices • Permitting greater densities of development in areas that have good public transport access. • Continuing to expand and enhance public transport capacity in London, for example through the Tube upgrade programme, and new infrastructure such as Crossrail. • More accessible bus network, to further encourage its use. • Improving the urban realm and streetscape to make walking more attractive for short-distance trips. • Transforming cycling, through the Mayor’s Vision for Cycling. • Travel demand management, encouraging smarter travel and supporting initiatives such as car clubs. Environmentally efficient use of existing vehicles and technology • Traffic signal optimisation, using SCOOT (Split Cycle Offset Optimisation Technique), which now operates at about 5,000 of the 6,000 signal-controlled junction sin London. • Lane rental scheme for road works, minimising disruption on the network. • Freight Operator Recognition Scheme (FORS), a voluntary accreditation scheme that encourages sustainable freight operations. • Encouraging out-of-hours delivery, smarter driving and reduced engine idling. 164 Travel in London, Report 8
9. London’s air quality and greenhouse gas emissions and transport and public health Development and uptake of low emission vehicles and technologies • London’s Low Emission Zone, first introduced in 2008 and progressively extended since. • Congestion Charging Ultra Low Emission Discount – a 100 per cent discount for the lowest emitting vehicles. • Cleaner TfL buses – ensuring that London’s bus fleet continues to reflect the latest and cleanest emissions technologies. • Zero emission vehicles and charge points, encouraged through the Mayor’s Electric Vehicle Delivery Plan. • Cleaner licensed taxis and PHVs, through the introduction of age limits that encourage lower-emission vehicles. • Reducing the energy used by the Tube, through initiatives such as regenerative braking, and diversifying the energy supply to encourage low carbon sources. • Facilitating improvements to other modes, such as the forthcoming electrification of the Gospel Oak to Barking line, and improvements to the emissions performance of the River Services fleet. Tackling local pollution focus areas or ‘hot spots’ • The Mayor’s Air Quality Fund provides match funding for boroughs to deliver innovative air quality improvement projects. This complemented the Clean Air Fund, which during 2013 implemented a range of measures at particulate matter (PM 10 ) hot spots, funded by the Department for Transport. • Clear Zones – providing support and funding for Clear Zones where specific measures were implemented to give spot treatments (implemented in Camden, Westminster and Tower Hamlets). Also, supporting access restrictions more generally where road space is given over to other uses, restricting road space and lowering traffic and emissions in the area. 9.3 Trends in London’s ambient air quality London has a comprehensive air quality monitoring network, funded by London boroughs, the GLA, TfL and Heathrow Airport. Many of these sites are part of the London Air Quality Network (LAQN), managed by King’s College London’s Environmental Research Group and some are also part of the Defra AURN UK Network used for compliance reporting. This network provides unique opportunities to understand trends in London’s air quality. One way to view air quality monitoring data is to group monitors based on their location and distance from the roadside and look at the average concentrations. For example, roadside monitors are within five metres of roads, while ‘background sites’ are located away from major sources of pollution. Figures 9.1 and 9.2 below show the improving trend in nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and particulate matter (PM 10 ) concentrations at sites that are part of the LAQN. Overall, there has been a gradual reduction in NO 2 and PM 10 concentrations at background sites in inner and outer London and at outer London roadside sites. Inner London NO 2 roadside sites have shown a more variable trend but have seen a steeper decline from 2012. This decline is also reflected in the inner London PM 10 roadside sites. 165 Travel in London, Report 8
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