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the northern continents were united together. After the continents separated, and mountain ranges arose, the oaks evolved into separate species in the different locations (see adaptive radiation; biogeography). continental drift The same evidence that confirmed continental drift also confirms the evolutionary interpretation of the history of the Earth. The patterns of the fossils, such as the Glossopteris flora and Lystrosaurus, could not have been produced Paleomagnetism confirms that new ocean floor was formed along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, pushing North America and Europe apart. In this hypothetical drawing, new ocean floor forms at a mid-ocean ridge (a) by volcanic material rising (b). Each of the stripes (c) represents a change in the polarity (represented by directions of arrows) of magnetism; the time axis is from A to C.
continental drift During geological time, the continents have moved and rearranged. In these diagrams, the shapes of the modern continents are indicated by dark shading, the true rim of each continent by heavy lines. Lightly shaded areas indicate where shallow seas covered areas of continents. (a) At the end of the Permian period, the continents had mostly coalesced into a single continent, Pangaea. (b) By the Cretaceous period, the modern continents were beginning to take shape. South America (d), Africa (e), Antarctica (f), India (g), and Australia (h) were still connected or very close together and shared many plants and animals. North America (a) and Eurasia (b, c) were not yet widely separated and shared many plants and animals. (c) The continents today. (Figures continue on opposite page.)
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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Page 59 and 60: 0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
Page 61 and 62: ehavior, evolution of In another sp
Page 63 and 64: ig bang make nests with horizontal
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Page 67 and 68: iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
Page 69 and 70: 0 biogeography Another problem with
Page 71 and 72: iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
Page 73 and 74: iogeography their species through d
Page 75 and 76: iology design) or adaptation to the
Page 77 and 78: iology D. Response to environment.
Page 79 and 80: 0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
Page 81 and 82: irds, evolution of • doves and pi
Page 83 and 84: Burgess shale early career. By heat
Page 85 and 86: Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
Page 87 and 88: Cambrian period occurred when anima
Page 89 and 90: 0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
Page 91 and 92: Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
Page 93 and 94: cladistics The above examples used
Page 95 and 96: coevolution descent, and that scien
Page 97 and 98: coevolution Coevolution of Organism
Page 99 and 100: 0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
Page 101 and 102: coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
Page 103 and 104: commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
Page 105: continental drift was an animal tha
Page 109 and 110: 0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
Page 111 and 112: convergence Both birds and bats hav
Page 113 and 114: creationism explained these observa
Page 115 and 116: creationism used to justify militar
Page 117 and 118: creationism • In the early 21st c
Page 119 and 120: 00 Cretaceous period however, other
Page 121 and 122: 0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
Page 123 and 124: 0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
Page 125 and 126: 0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
Page 127 and 128: 0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
Page 129 and 130: 0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
Page 131 and 132: Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
Page 133 and 134: Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
Page 135 and 136: Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
Page 137 and 138: developmental evolution Part II. In
Page 139 and 140: 0 Devonian period gene from an inve
Page 141 and 142: dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
Page 143 and 144: diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
Page 145 and 146: disjunct species have happened? Som
Page 147 and 148: DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
Page 149 and 150: 0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
Page 151 and 152: DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
Page 153 and 154: DNA (raw material of evolution) The
Page 155 and 156: Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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00 Triassic period more resulting l
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unconformity An unconformity is a g
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sissippi River is getting shorter e
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ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
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0 vestigial characteristics algae.
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Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
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genetic inferiority of the lower cl
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that point onward he questioned the
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Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
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Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
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the young seedlings must compete wi
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Traits can reappear after even hund
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ated: It has been an advantage in o
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chapter 10. On the imperfection of
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out in competition with the species
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languages. Linguists classify all R
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My theory has been much maligned. T
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Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
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asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
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Bryan, William Jennings creationism
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ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
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divergence molecular clock 278-279
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extinction 159-160. See also mass e
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Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
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Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
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Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
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Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
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ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
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polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
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Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
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spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
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useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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