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ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian realm 50, 51m ochre stone 187, 195 octopus 213 Odoraia alata 66 Oenothera lamarckiana (evening primrose) 121–122 Okamoto, Noriko 390 Oklahoma creationism 98, 361, 364 disjunct alder population 125– 126 old-Earth creationists 94 old man of Shanidar 289, 290 Oldowan tools 192, 393 Flores Island people 163 Homo erectus 189 Homo ergaster 190 Homo habilis 187, 192 Olduvai George 237 Old World monkeys 325 Oligocene epoch 326 omniscience 214 One Long Argument (Mayr) 421 On Growth and Form (Thompson) 15 On Human Nature (Wilson) 382, 416, 417 “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type” (Wallace) 413 oocytes 265, 266 Oort cloud 28, 298 Opabinia regalis 65, 66 Oparin, Aleksandr I. 186, 273, 300 Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis 186 opposable thumbs 324 orangutans 325–326 orchids 204 orders 247, 249 Ordovician period 295 Orgel, Leslie 296, 298, 301, 302 Oriental realm 50, 51m “The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of Natural Selection” (Wallace) 414 origin of life 295–296, 298–302 anthropic principle 23–24 dates of 296 definition of life 295–296 earliest evidence of life 224 on Earth 298–301 extraterrestrial 298, 299 genetic systems 301–302 laboratory simulations 300–301 Miller, Stanley 272–273 organic molecules in universe 298–299 thermodynamics and 398 Origin of Species [On the Origin of Species . . .] (Darwin) 112, 302–304 biogeography 50 character displacement 71 cladistics and 75–76 Gray, Asa, and 178 Huxley, Thomas Henry 201 mimicry 40 summary 421–435 ornithischians (bird-hipped dinosaurs) 123 ornithologist (Mayr, Ernst) 263 ornithopods 124 Oró, John 300 Orrorin tugenensis 31–32 Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) 81 Osbeck, Peter 249 ostriches 426 Ōta, Tomoko 278 Out of Africa theory 104, 130 Out of the Night (Muller) 145 overkill hypothesis 318 Overton, William 97 ovulation, concealed 345 ovules 340 Owen, Richard 95, 112, 122, 201, 304, 416 Oxalis pes-caprae 371, 385 oxidative stress 244, 245 oxygen Cambrian explosion 67 Devonian period 121 Gaia hypothesis 169, 170 Permian extinction 309 photosynthesis 314 Proterozoic Eon 324 respiration 350 oxygen debt 350 oxygen isotopes 206, 207, 224, 225, 226, 309 P p53 gene 245 Pääbo, Svante 130, 290 Index 459 pachycephalosaurs 123 Pacific Plate 316, 317 paedomorphosis 291 PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) 261 Pakicetus 416 Palaearctic realm 50, 51m Paleocene epoch 256, 326 Paleogene period 70, 395 Paleolithic Age 393, 394t paleomagnetism 86, 87, 305 paleontologists Agassiz, Louis 6–7 Cuvier, Georges 105–106 Eldredge, Niles 142–143 Owen, Richard 304 Simpson, George Gaylord 379–380 Paleozoic era 175, 182, 305–306 Paley, William 1, 95, 109, 155, 286–287, 303 palynology 167 Panama land bridge 256–257 pandas 1–2 Panderichthys rhombolepis 19 Pangaea 88m continental drift 84, 86 Cretaceous period 101 Mesozoic era 271–272 Permian extinction 311 Permian period 312 pangenes/pangenesis 121, 132 Panglossian paradigm 3 Pan paniscus (bonobo) 326 panspermia 298, 361 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees) Goodall, Jane 175–176 humans and 130, 186, 187 neoteny 291 primates 326 Papua New Guinea. See also New Guinea Sambia tribe 323 paradigms 356 Paramecium 389 Paranthropus 34, 34, 192, 237 parapatric speciation 384 paraphyletic categories 74–75 parasitism balanced pathogenicity 181 coevolution 77, 77t, 79, 80, 82 convergent evolution 90 horizontal gene transfer 198
460 Index parent-offspring conflict 158, 242 parliament of genes 369 parthenogenesis 371 particulate inheritance 267, 268, 277 Parus caeruleus (blue tit) 173 The Passing of the Great Race (Grant) 146 Pasteur, Louis 300 paternity identification 259 path analysis 419 pathogens, evolution of 157–158, 337 The Pattern of Evolution (Eldredge) 142 Patterson, Clair 336, 359 pawpaw (Asimina triloba) 81 pax gene 93, 120 pb gene 118, 119t Pearson, Karl 148 Pei, Mario 233 Peking man 188, 395 pelycosaurs 255, 346 penicillin 347, 348 Pennock, Robert 152 Pennsylvanian time 68 pentaploid cells 371 Penzias, Arno 406 peppered moths (Biston betularia) 306, 306–309 peptide nucleic acid (PNA) 301– 302 Pereskia 274 perfect v. imperfect adaptation 1–2 peripatric speciation 384 Permian extinction 262, 271, 309–312 Permian period 88m, 182, 312 permineralization 165 Permo-Triassic boundary 309–310 Persea americana (avocado) 81 pesticides 347, 348–350 petals 20 Petralona skull (Greece) 192, 275 petrified wood 166, 166 Phacops rana 401 Phalaropus lobatus (red-necked phalarope) 376 Phanerozoic Eon 175 The Phenomenon of Man (Teilhard de Chardin) 395 phenotype 116, 321 phenotypic plasticity 2–3 phenylketonuria (PKU) 271 Phillips, John 309 philosophers Spencer, Herbert 387–388 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 395 Philosophie Zoologique (Lamarck) 231 phloem 182 phobias 382 phosphoglucose isomerase 399 photons 396 photosynthesis 57, 179–180, 309, 312–314 photosynthetic bacteria 313 photosynthetic cells 313 phrenology 145 phyla (phylum) 247, 249 PhyloCode 75 phylogenetically independent observations 4 phylogenetic analysis. See cladistics phylogenetic effect 4 phylogenetic species concept 384 phylogenetic trees 55 physicians Darwin, Erasmus 113 Dubois, Eugène 137–138 Pianka, Eric 240 Picasso, Pablo 102 Picea glauca (white spruce) 126, 126 Pickford, Martin 31 pickleweed (Spartina) 203 pidgin languages 233 pied flycatcher 344 Pielou, E. C. 50 pigeon (Columba) 26, 62, 283, 422 Pikaia gracilens 65, 66 Piltdown man 314–315, 395 Pingelap Atoll 168 Pinus longeava (bristlecone pine) 243 pistils 340 Pithecanthropus erectus See Homo erectus PKU (phenylketonuria) 271 placebo effect 357 placenta 158, 256 placental mammals 52–53, 91, 242, 256–257, 414 placoderms 162 placozoans 219 planctomycetes 149 planetary orbits 298 planets. See solar system plants angiosperms, evolution of 20–22 artificial selection 27–28 convergent evolution in 89–90 cytoplasmic male sterility factors 367–368 defenses 77, 90, 90, 237–238 Devonian period 121 DeVries, Hugo 121–122 gymnosperms 182–183 and herbivores, coevolution 77 horizontal gene transfer 198 hybridization 202–203, 202t, 203 leaf adaptations 2, 3, 4, 167 MADS genes 118, 120 Permian extinction 309–311 photosynthesis 312–314 seedless 364–366, 365 sexual reproduction 370 Stebbins, G. Ledyard 388 vestigal characteristics 409– 410 plasmids 197, 280 Plasmodium falciparum 390 plasticity 2–3, 71, 285 plate tectonics 315–317, 316m Plato 354 Platonist idealism 150 Platyhelinthes (flatworms) 220 platyrrhines 325 play (playfulness) 292 pleiotropic genes 243, 245 Pleistocene epoch 205 Pleistocene extinction 199, 317– 318, 317t, 318t Pleistocene overkill hypothesis 318 plenitude 354 plesiadapiform primates 326 Plethodon jordani (salamander) 375 Pliohippus 199 Plutonists 69 PNA (peptide nucleic acid) 301–302 pneumonic plague 80 poison ivy 159 polar bodies 265
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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00 Triassic period more resulting l
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unconformity An unconformity is a g
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sissippi River is getting shorter e
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ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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