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Bryan, William Jennings creationism 95–96 opposition to eugenics 147 Scopes Trial 361–362, 362, 363–364 bryophytes 364–366 Bryson, Bill 206 bubonic plague 12, 80 Buchnera 390 Buckland, William 69, 250 Budyko, Mikhail 380 Buffon, Georges 63–64 Burgess shale (Canada) 64–66, 65, 166, 176–177 Buri, Peter 168 Burley, Nancy 377 Burnet, Thomas 98 Burt, Cyril 360 Bush, George W. condoms and AIDS infection 11 creationism 216 greenhouse effect 359 intelligent design xiv butterflies coevolution 77 mimicry 40, 274 Origin of Species (Darwin) 433–434 size of, and wing size 15 C C 3 plants 313, 314 C 4 plants 313–314 cacti (cactus) 172, 274 caecilians (amphibians) 19–20 Caenorhabditis elegans 242 Cain, Arthur 307 Cairns-Smith, Graham 301 Calamitales 366 Calochortus 90 Calvin cycle 313 Cambrian explosion 64, 66, 67–68, 429 Cambrian period 64, 68, 220 camouflage mimicry 273 CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants 314 Campylobacter 348 Canada, Burgess shale 64–66 “Can an Evolutionary Scientist Be Religious” (essay) 154–156 cancer 243, 245, 246 cancer cells, immortality of 242, 244–245 Cann, Rebecca 130 cannibalism 289 carbon (C) 296 carbonaceous (C-type) asteroids 28 carbonate 381 carbon dioxide 169, 170, 179–180 carbon dioxide fixation 313 Carboniferous period 68–69, 366 carbon isotopes 224, 336 carpels 20 Carroll, Scott 285 carrying capacity 319 Carson, Rachel 286, 346–347 Cartailhac, Emile 103 Carter, Brandon 23 cartilaginous fishes 162 Carver, George Washington 359 carvings, Cro-Magnon 102–103, 103 Casuarina equisetifolia 218 catarrhines 325 catastrophism 69–70 Agassiz, Louis 6–7 Cuvier, Georges 105 Categorical Imperative 153 Caudipteryx 61 causation 355, 358 The Causes of Evolution (Haldane) 186 Cavalier-Smith, Thomas 367 Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca 131, 234, 235 cave men 287, 288 cave paintings 102, 102–103, 338–339 CCR5 protein 80, 279 Cech, Thomas 302 cells aging of 244 emergent properties of 143 end-product inhibition 328 origin of 296, 302 respiration 350–351 selfish 366 cellulose animals that produce 198–199 digestion of 92–93 Cenchrus (sandbur grass) 90, 90 Cenozoic era 70, 175 Central America, evolution of agriculture 9–10 Index 443 centromeres 368 cephalopods 220 ceramics, Cro-Magnon 103 ceratopsians 123 cercopithecines 325 Ceres (asteroid) 28 Cerion (land snails) 176 cetaceans 415–416 Chagnon, Napoleon 383, 418 Chalmers, Thomas 95 Chambers, Robert 70–71, 303 chance 357 character displacement 71–72, 115, 424 charities 18 Charniodiscus 141, 142 Charpentier, Jean de 205 Chase, Martha 132 Châtelperronian tools 104, 289, 393 Chauvet cave (France) 104 chemical energy 139, 398 chemosynthetic bacteria 38 chemotrophic bacteria 313 chemotrophic cells 313 Chengjiang deposits (China) 64, 68 chert gap 310 Chesterton, G. K. 147 Chicxulub crater (Mexico) 28, 100, 404 chimeras 149 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Goodall, Jane 175–176 humans and 130, 186, 187 neoteny 291 primates 326 China agriculture 9–10 Chengjiang deposits 64, 68 Homo erectus 188 Permo-Triassic deposits 309, 310 chins, evolution of 3, 292 Chlorophyta (green algae) 365 chloroplasts DNA 128 eukaryote evolution 148, 149–150 Margulis, Lynn 257, 258 mutations 279 photosynthesis 313 symbiogenesis 389 vestigal characteristics 409–410
444 Index choanocyte cells 143, 219 choanoflagellates 218–219 cholera 40 cholesterol 157 Chomsky, Noam 233 chopstick effect 45 chordates 162, 220 chordin (chd) gene 120 chromosomes DNA 133, 135 meiosis 264–266 promoters 327–329 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) 333 sex chromosomes 128, 258– 259, 270, 368, 370 spontaneous chromosome doubling 203–204 Churchill, Winston 145 cichlid fishes 6 cilia 389–390 Ciochon, Russell 188 Cipro 348 circumnutation 427 Citroens (Complex Information Transforming Reproducing Objects That Evolve by Natural Selection) 296 clades 74 cladistics (phylogenetic analysis) 72–76 advantages of 72 cladogram comparison 74 classification using 74–75 definition 72 and evolution 75–76 influenza viruses 158 trait selection 72–74 tree of life 399 cladogenesis 253 cladograms 72, 73t, 74 Clarke, Arthur C. 32 Class I transposable elements 293 Class II transposable elements 293–294 classes 247, 249 classification. See taxonomy Clements, Frederick 249 Clethropsis 222 click languages 234 climate Gaia hypothesis 170 global warming 180, 207–208, 311, 354 greenhouse effect. See greenhouse effect isotope ratios as indicators of 206, 206224, 224t, 225, 226 Snowball Earth 86, 380–381 Climbing Mount Improbable (Dawkins) 117 club mosses 364–365, 365 cnidarians (Cnidaria) 141, 142, 219 coal balls 165, 366 coal deposits 68, 84, 310 cocci 37 Cocos Island 173–174 codominant traits 269 codons 134, 134t coefficient of relatedness 16, 17 coelacanths 162 coelurosaurians 61, 124 coevolution 76–83. See also symbiogenesis angiosperms 21 convergent 92–93 definition 76–77 flowering plants and pollinators 78–79 ghosts of evolution 80–82 mutualism 82–83 Origin of Species (Darwin) 423 from parasitism to commensalism 79, 82 pathogens and hosts 158 plants and herbivores 77 Cohen Modal Haplotype 259 Colorado, Dinosaur National Monument 167 color vision 325, 382 Columba (pigeon) 26, 62, 283, 422 comb-jellies (ctenophores) 219 comets. See asteroids and comets commensalism 77, 77t, 79, 82 communities, ecological 58, 140, 249 competition 282–283, 319, 375, 422–423 Complex Information Transforming Reproducing Objects That Evolve by Natural Selection (Citroens) 296 complexity Dawkins, Richard 117 emergence 143 intelligent design theory and 213–216 irreducible 214–216 language 233 missing links 274 Origin of Species (Darwin) 425–426 progress of evolution 327 scala naturae 354 thermodynamics 398 complexity theory 144 computers 134, 144, 151–152 concealed ovulation 345 conduction 397 conflict of interest 158, 242, 366, 367 Confuciusornis 61 conifers 182 conjugation 197 conodonts 167 consanguineous matings (incest) 339–340, 382 conscience 153 consciousness 44 conservation of energy 396 consilience 355, 360, 418 Consilience (Wilson) 418 consonants 232 conspicuous charity 18 Contact (Sagan) 353 continental drift 84–89, 85m, 88–89m biogeography 50–53 Devonian period 121 distribution of organisms 86–87 history of 84–86 Hooker, Joseph 197 ice ages 206–207 paleomagnetism 305 Permian extinction 311 plate tectonics 315–317 reconstructing patterns of 86, 88–89m continental shelf area 311 control groups 357 convection 397 convergences 89–93, 90, 92 animal body forms 91–92 coevolution 92–93 echolocation 91 electrolocation 91 eyes 90–91, 93 social evolution 91
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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Page 415 and 416: thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
Page 417 and 418: thermodynamics return to their orig
Page 419 and 420: 00 Triassic period more resulting l
Page 422 and 423: unconformity An unconformity is a g
Page 424 and 425: sissippi River is getting shorter e
Page 426: ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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