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divergence molecular clock 278–279 Origin of Species (Darwin) 424 tree of life 399–400 diversifying selection 284, 284, 285–286 diversity. See biodiversity; genetic diversity diversity indices 49 The Diversity of Life (Wilson) 416, 417, 418 The Divine Milieu (Teilhard de Chardin) 395 DNA. See also noncoding DNA AIDS 10–11 bioinformatics analysis 55 cladistics 74 evidence for evolution 127– 131 archaeology 131 comparing samples 128 endangered populations 131 eukaryotic cells 149 human-human comparisons 130, 130 human-Neandertal comparison 130, 130– 131 human-other primate comparisons 129–130 linguistic diversity 131 mutations 127 Native Americans 131 origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts 128–129 origin of multicellular animals 129 tree of life 128–129 vertebrate evolution 129 first genetic systems and 301– 302 “How Much Do Genes Control Human Behavior?” (essay) 45–47 measuring variability of 321 mitochondria and chloroplasts 389 molecular clock 278–279 mutations 279–280 Neandertal 290 promoters 327–329 races of Homo sapiens 196 raw material of evolution 131– 136, 133 amounts of 135, 135t behavioral characteristics 136 cells use of DNA information 133 chromosomes 133 determination of characteristics 134–135 heritable traits 132, 133 new genes 135–136 proteins 134 replication 132–133 storage of genetic information 132 selfish 366–367 tree of life and 399 Woese, Carl 418–419 DNA fingerprints 128 DNA viruses 132 Dobzhansky, Theodosius 95, 136–137 opposition to eugenics 147 quote, “nothing in biology makes sense. . .” 56, 137, 421 use of fruit flies 320 dolphins 213 dominant genes 372 Dominion (Eldredge) 142 Doolittle, Russell 216 dopamine 47 doppler effect 405 Dorudon 416 double fertilization 20 doubling time 319 Dover Area School District, Kitzmiller v. 98 Down syndrome 265 Drake, Frank 297 Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) 217 Dromaosaurus 62 dropstones 207, 380 Dubois, Eugène 137–138 Dugdale, Richard 146 Dunbar, Robin 18 duplication, gene 135–136, 136, 215, 294, 366–367 Duve, Christian de 300, 301 du Toit, Alexander 84, 86 Index 447 E ear bones 255–256 Earth age of Earth 7–8, 96, 229–230, 305 energy balance 139, 206 Gaia hypothesis 169–171 geological time scale 174–175, 175t magnetic field 86, 87 paleomagnetism 86, 87, 305, 305 temperature of 170, 179–180 earthquakes 316–317 ecdysis 220 ecdysozoans 220 Echinocerius coccineus 342 echinoderms (Echinodermata) 220 echolocation 91 ecology 139–141, 281, 282, 303 economist, Malthus, Thomas 254 ecosystems 140 Ediacaran organisms 141, 141–142 Edmond, Michael B, 348 Edwards v. Aguillard 97 eggs 122, 264, 265, 279, 346, 370, 374 Eigen, Manfred 302 Einstein, Albert 23, 406 élan vital (life force) 327, 395 Eldredge, Niles 142–143, 215, 329 punctuated equilibria 253, 254 species sorting 181, 254, 331, 373 electricity 396, 398 electrolocation 91 electrophoresis 128, 239, 321, 323, 419 elephants, reproductive capacity of 282 Elkinsia 182 embranchements 105 embryonic development. See developmental evolution embryonic stem cells 244 emergence 143–144 emotions, evolution of 18 empiricism 152 encephalization quotient (EQ) 15, 209 Encyclopedia of Life project 49 endangered species 131 endonuclease enzymes 367
448 Index endoplasmic reticulum 409 endothermic animals 255 end-product inhibition 328 energy, thermodynamics 396–398, 397 energy balance 139–140, 206 energy flow 57 engineer (Smith, William) 380 Ensatina eschscholtzii 386, 386m Enterococcus faecium 348 entropy 229, 397 environment antievolutionism and antienvironmentalism xiv–xv behavior and 45–46 inherited traits and 268, 269– 270 life histories and 240–241 mutations and 280 nature and nurture 152 population genetics 321 red queen hypothesis 337 Sagan, Carl 353–354 sex determination 370 sociobiology and 382 speciation and changing environment 330 variable offspring 371–372 environmental (ecosystem) ethics 22 environment of evolutionary adaptedness 382 Eoanthropus dawsoni 315 Eocene epoch 326, 416 Eoraptor 123 epigenesis 132 epigenetics 135, 270, 367 epistasis 135, 271 Epperson, Susan 362, 362 EQ (encephalization quotient) 15 equal rights 22–23 equilibrium 322 equines. See horses, evolution of equitability 49 Erebus, HMS 196–197 Erwin, Douglas 93, 262, 309, 310 Erwin, Terry 48 Escherichia coli 347 Essay on Populations (Malthus) 111 Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus) 254 essays “Are Humans Alone in the Universe?” 297–299 “Can an Evolutionary Scientist Be Religious” 154–156 “How Much Do Genes Control Human Behavior?” 45–47 “What Are the ‘Ghosts of Evolution’?” 80–82 “Why Do Humans Die?” 244–246 ethics environmental 22 evolutionary. See evolutionary ethics in science 359 Ethiopian realm 50, 51m ethology 41 Etruscan language 236 eubacteria. See bacteria eugenics 144–148 Fisher, R. A. 161–162 Galton, Francis 172–173 Haeckel, Ernst 185 negative 145–146 opposition to 147 positive 145 Wallace, Alfred Russel 414– 415 Euglena 389 eukaryotes 148–150 meiosis 264–266, 265 respiration 350–351 sexual reproduction 369 symbiogenesis 389–390 tree of life 399 vestigal characteristic 409 Eurasian plate 316, 316m Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) 217 Euryarcheota 24 Eusthenopteron 121, 162 Eusthenopteron foordi 19 Eve, mitochondrial 130 evening primrose (Oenothera lamarckiana) 121–122 evil 154–155 evolution 150–151 Darwin, Charles, use of term 303, 421, 435 definition 150–151 early concepts of 64, 70, 113, 231 five tenets of 151 grandeur of (Origin of Species (Darwin)) 435 micro- v. macroevolution 253– 254 progress, concept of 326–327 Evolution and Ethics (Huxley, Thomas Henry) 201 Evolution and the Genetics of Populations (Wright) 419 evolutionary algorithms (genetic algorithms) 151–152 evolutionary biologists Gould, Stephen Jay 176–177 Haeckel, Ernst 185 Margulis, Lynn 257–258 Maynard Smith, John 262–263 Mayr, Ernst 263–264 Stebbins, G. Ledyard 388 Wallace, Alfred Russel 413– 415 Wilson, Edward O. 416–418 evolutionary ethics 152–153, 156 altruism and 18–19 Huxley, Thomas Henry 201 sexual selection and 212 evolutionary geneticists Dobzhansky, Theodosius 136– 137 Wright, Sewall 419–420 evolutionary medicine 76, 156– 159 evolutionary psychology 172–173, 383, 417 evolutionary scientists Darwin, Charles 108–113, 109 Dawkins, Richard 116–117 Gray, Asa 177–179 Huxley, Thomas Henry 200– 202 Evolution: Possible or Impossible 214 Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (Julian Huxley) 200, 277 Ewald, Paul 158 exaptations 3–4, 176, 239, 254 exobiology. See origin of life exons 293 Expert Protein Analysis System (ExPASy) 55 The Expression of Emotions in Men and Animals (Darwin) 112 The Extended Phenotype (Dawkins) 116 external stimuli 41 external validity 358
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
Page 415 and 416: thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
Page 417 and 418: thermodynamics return to their orig
Page 419 and 420: 00 Triassic period more resulting l
Page 422 and 423: unconformity An unconformity is a g
Page 424 and 425: sissippi River is getting shorter e
Page 426: ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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