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spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) 344 Sprigg, Reginald 141–142 Spriggina 141 spurious correlations 45 stabilizing selection 283–284, 284, 285, 331 stamens 20, 340 staminodes 409, 410 Stanford, Alice 75 Stanley, Steven 192, 208–209 staph (Staphylococcus aureus) 348 starfish 220 starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) 217 stars 406–407 stars, origin of life and 297, 298 state, uniformity of 404 Statistical Methods for Research Workers (Fisher) 161 statistics Fisher, R. A. 148, 161 Galton, Francis 172–173 Pearson, Karl 148 scientific method 357 Wright, Sewall 419 STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) 347–348 steady state 405–406 Stebbins, G. Ledyard 388 stem cell lines 360 stem cells 242, 244 Stensen, Niels (Nicolas Steno) 165 stepchildren 17, 343 sterility 202, 203, 385, 428 sterilization laws 146 Stewart, Caro-Beth 72–73 sticklebacks 71, 222–223, 376 stimulation-seeking behavior, genes and 46–47 stimuli 41 stomach stones (gastroliths) 122, 123, 166 Stoneking, Mark 130 stone tools 393–394, 394t Cro-Magnon 101, 104 Flores Island people 163, 164 Homo erectus 189 Homo ergaster 190, 190, 191 Homo habilis 187, 191–192, 192 Mousterian tools 289 Neandertals 289 Oldowan 163, 187, 189, 190, 191–192, 192, 393 storm petrel 244 strata 165 stratification of seeds 252 stratigraphy 174 Streptococcus mitis 38 Streptococcus pneumoniae 348 stress 280 Stringer, Christopher 164 stromatolites 310 Strong, A. H. 178 strong nuclear force 23 strontium isotopes 226 structure and function, interconnectedness of 56 The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Gould) 176 struggle for existence 282–283, 303, 422–423 Sturnus vulgaris (starlings) 217 S-type (silicaceous) asteroids 28 subduction 316 Suess, Eduard 84 sugar preferences 382 sulfur cycle 170 sulfur isotopes 226 Sultan, Sonia 120 Sun 297–298, 407 superiority in natural selection 283 supernovae 406 superoxide dismutase 244 Supersaurus 122–123, 123 supraorbital processes (brow ridges) 288, 292 surface-to-volume ratio 14–15, 56–57 survival of the fittest 111, 155, 387, 388 Sutton, Walter 267–268 sweat glands 4 symbiogenesis 388–391 bacteria and 38–39 eukaryotic cell motile structures 389–390 evolution of the nucleus 148– 149 experimental 390–391 intelligent design theory and controversy over 215 Margulis, Lynn 257 Index 465 modern synthesis 278 origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria 388–389 tree of life 399 symbiosis 58 coevolution 77, 77t, 79, 82–83. See also symbiogenesis as isolating mechanism 223 Margulis, Lynn 257 sympatric speciation 264, 384–385 symplesiomorphies (ancestral traits) 72 synapomorphies (shared derived traits) 73–74 synapsids 255, 312, 346 synecology 58, 140 Systematics and the Origin of Species (Mayr) 263 Szathmáry, Eörs 302 T Tagish Lake meteorite 299 tallgrass prairie 208 tandem repeats 293 Tanzania stone tools 190 Taraxacum oficinale (dandelion) 217, 266, 371, 385 tarsiers 324, 325 Tattersall, Ian 190 Tatum, Edward 270 Taung child 32, 32, 107 Taxodium 279 taxonomy (classification) biology and 58 cladistics. See cladistics embranchements 105 eukaryotes 149–150 Homo sapiens 194–196 Linnaean system 247–249, 248 Origin of Species (Darwin) 432–434 tree of life 128–129, 149, 248, 388, 389, 399–400, 418–419 Taylor, Frank B. 84 Tay-Sachs disease 157 technology 393–394, 394t teeth birds and 228, 328–229 browsing and grazing 199
466 Index teeth (continued) size of 187, 288 wear marks 163, 288 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 315, 327, 395 teleology 150, 178 teleost fishes 162 telomeres 149, 244–245 temperature, global 170, 179–180 The Temple of Nature (Erasmus Darwin) 113 Templeton Foundation 156 Tennessee, antievolution legislation 361 Tennyson, Alfred Lord 155, 282– 283 terminal Cretaceous event. See Cretaceous extinction termites 16–17 Terra Amata site (France) 193 Tertiary period 70, 256, 395–396 tetraethyl lead 359 tetraploid plants 266 tetrapods 19–20, 162 Tetrastigma 198 theistic evolutionists 94, 216 theodicy 154, 155 theories 356–357 Theory of the Earth (Hutton) 200 therapsids 255 therians 256 thermodynamics 229–230, 396– 398, 397 Thermus aquaticus 38 theropods 124 Thieme, Hartmut 193 Thiobacillus concretivorans 38 Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth 15 Thomson, William. See Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord Thorne, Alan 130 thorns and spines 90, 90 threonucleic acid (TNA) 301–302 thrifty genotype 157 Thrinaxodon 255 thymine (T) 132, 133 thyreophores 124 Tiedemann, Friedrich 105, 196 tiger salamander (Proteus) 291 Tiktaalik roseae 19 The Time Machine (Wells) 165 Tinbergen, Niko 116, 308 tinman gene 120 TNA (threonucleic acid) 301–302 tobacco (Nicotiana) 203 toes 199, 328, 410 tolerance 410 tonsils 409 Tooby, John 382–283 tools. See technology Torrey, John 177 Torsvik, Vigdis 49 tortoises 172 Tower of Babel theory 233 trace fossils 167 trachea 14–15 transcendentalism 152 transcription 134 transfer RNA 134 transitional forms. See missing links translation 134 transmutation 111 transposons (transposable elements) 11, 293–294, 411 trap-happy mammals 308 tree cactuses 172 tree life history strategy (K) 240, 246 tree of life 248, 399–400 DNA comparisons 128–129 eukaryotes 149 symbiogenesis 388, 389 Woese, Carl 128–129, 418– 419 tree trunks, size of 15 Triassic period 309–310, 400 Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine) 90, 90 trilobites 400–401, 401 Devonian period 121 Eldredge, Niles 142 punctuated equilibria 329– 330 trimerophytes 365–366 Trinidad guppies 286 triploid cells 135, 266, 371 Tripsacum grass 160 Triticale 204 Triticum hybrids 204 The Triumph of Evolution and the Failure of Creationism (Eldredge) 142 Trivers, Robert 242 Tschermak-Seysenegg, Erich von 122, 277 TSGs (tumor-suppressor genes) 245 “TTAPS Paper” 354 tuberculosis 157 tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) 245 tundras 54, 125, 240 Tunguska event (Siberia) 30, 31 tunicates 198–199, 291 Turkana boy. See Nariokotome skeleton Tutt, J. W. 307 Twain, Mark 404–405, 415 twin studies Galton, Francis 173 genes and behavior 45 intelligence 210–211, 210t sociobiology 383 2001: A Space Odyssey (film) 32 Type I errors 357 Type II errors 357 typhoid fever 39–40 typological thinking 150 Tyrannosaurus 124 U Ubx gene 118, 119t unconformities 403, 403–404 undulipodia 389–390 uniformitarianism 404–405 catastrophism and 69–70 Hutton, James 199–200 Lyell, Charles 250 uniformity of law 404 uniformity of process 404 uniformity of rate 404 uniformity of state 404 unique traits (autapomorphies) 72, 283 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 200 universal behavior patterns 382– 383 universe, origin of 23–24, 405–407 uranium-lead dating 335, 336 uranium-thorium dating 336 urea 300 urushiol 159
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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00 Triassic period more resulting l
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unconformity An unconformity is a g
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sissippi River is getting shorter e
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ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
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0 vestigial characteristics algae.
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Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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