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Origin of Species (Darwin) 433–434 pollination 273 mimiviruses 149 Mimulus (monkeyflower) 221, 330, 333, 368, 378 Minnesota Study of Twins 45 Miohippus 199 The Mismeasure of Man (Gould) 177 missing links (transitional, intermediate forms) 274–276, 275, 276, 277t amphibians 19 cynodonts 255 human 275–276 and macroevolution 254 mammals to whales 274, 416 Origin of Species (Darwin) 424–425, 427, 429, 430 reptiles to birds 25–26, 60, 61, 274 reptiles to mammals 254–255, 255, 274 whales 416 Mississippian time 68 mites 82, 371 mitochondria DNA 128 eukaryote evolution 148, 150 Margulis, Lynn 257, 389 vestigal characteristics 409–410 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 128, 130 mitosis 264, 269 Mivart, St. George Jackson 112, 303, 426–427 MN blood proteins 320t mockingbird 56, 172 modern synthesis 276–278 Dobzhansky, Theodosius 136– 137 Fisher, R. A. 161 Haldane, J. B. S. 186 Huxley, Julian S. 200 Mayr, Ernst 263 Mendelian genetics 270 Simpson, George Gaylord 379 Stebbins, G. Ledyard 388 Wright, Sewall 419 molecular clock 278–279 molecules diffusion of 14–15, 397–398 emergent properties of 143 handedness of 301 organic 298–299 mole-like lifestyle 92 Moles, Angela 4 Møller, Anders 345 mollusks 220, 311, 342 monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) 77, 274, 433 monkeyflower (Mimulus) 221, 330, 333, 368, 378 monkeys 75, 173, 325 monocots 21, 22, 76, 76 monoecious plants (monoecy) 340 monogamy 343–344, 343t, 345 monophyletic categories 74 monotremes 256 Montagu, Ashley 302–303, 370 Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) 208 Montin, Lars 249 Moon 296, 298 moraines 207 morality 152–153 Morgan, Thomas Hunt 137, 277, 320 Morganucodon 255, 255 morons 146 Morris, Desmond 292 Morris, Henry 96, 97 mortality rates 319 Morwood, Michael 163 mosaic evolution 26 mosses 364–365, 365 mother-fetus relationship 158 Motō Kimura 323, 420 Moula-Guercy Cave (France) 289 Mousterian tools 289, 393 mouth-brooding 376 movies, evolutionary algorithms 152 Movius line 189 mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) 128, 130 M-type (metallic) asteroids 28 mud puppy (Necturus) 291 Muller, H. J. 145, 277 Muller, Hermann 372 Muller, Robert 262 Müllerian mimicry 44, 273 multicellularity 129, 141, 149 multituberculates 256 multiverse model 24 Mundy, N. I. 93 Index 457 Murchison meteorite 299 Murray, K. Greg 71 musical instruments 103 mustard (Brassica) 203, 204, 204 mutationist theory 121–122 mutations 279–280 DNA 127, 132 Dobzhansky, Theodosius 137 HIV 12–13 inbreeding 323 inevitability of 245 modern synthesis and 278 mutationist theory (DeVries, Hugo) 121–122 noncoding DNA 293 in population genetics 322–323 sexual reproduction and 372– 273 mutualism coevolution 77t, 82–83 convergent evolution of, in plants 90 ethics and 153 ghosts of evolution 80 M viruses 12 myoglobin 136 Myotis lucifugus (bat) 375 Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle) 218 Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil) 217 N Nabokov, Volodya (Vladimir) 360 nad1B-C gene 198 Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm von 267 naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) 344 naphthalene 298–299 Nariokotome skeleton (Turkana boy) 187, 189, 189, 238, 275 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 259 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) 55 National Medal of Science, U.S. Stebbins, G. Ledyard 388 Wilson, Edward O. 418 Woese, Carl 419 National Park Service, U.S. xiv Native Americans blood protein group MM 320–321
458 Index Native Americans (continued) blood type O 40 DNA comparisons 131 maize (corn) 27 Pleistocene overkill hypothesis 318 Natural History Museum (Great Britain) 304 naturalist (Darwin, Erasmus) 113 naturalistic fallacy 152 The Naturalist on the River Amazons (Bates) 40 natural selection 281–286. See also modern synthesis aging and death 245–246 agriculture 286 artificial selection v. 26 Darwin, Charles 111–112, 423–424, 428 Darwin’s finches. See Darwin’s finches Dawkins, Richard 116 definition 283 ethics and 152–153 experiments 286 gene-centered view of selection 368–369 group selection 180–182, 285 and isolating mechanisms 221 Lewontin, Richard 239 limitations on 285 Malthus, Thomas 254 medicine and 286 mimicry 273 peppered moths (Biston betularia) 306, 306–309 population genetics 323 process of 281–283 progress, concept of 327 resistance and 286, 347 suffering and 154–155 types of 283–285, 284 directional 284, 284, 285 diversifying 284, 284, 285–286 frequency-dependent 284, 284–285 stabilizing 283–284, 284, 285 Wallace, Alfred Russel 413–415 natural theology 155, 286–287 adaptation and 1–2 Gray, Asa, and 178 Natural Theology (Paley) 1, 287 nature, love of 59 Nazi party 147, 185, 359 NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) 55 Neandertals 287–290 Cro-Magnon and 101–102, 103–104 culture 289 DNA 290 equal rights and 22 and H. heidelbergensis 192– 193, 193t hominins 187 Homo sapiens and 194, 289, 290, 338 human-Neandertal DNA 130– 131, 130t intelligence 213 life span 290 missing links 275 physical characteristics 288– 289 religion 338–339 tools 289, 393 near-death experiences 338 Neartic realm 50, 51m NEAs (near-Earth asteroids) 28 Nebraska, Ashfall Beds State Historic Park 167, 167 Necroscia sparaxes 375 Necturus (mud puppy) 291 negative eugenics 145–146 nematodes (Nematoda) 220 Nemesis star 262 nene (Nesochen sandiviensis) 160 neodymium ratios 226 Neogene period 70, 395 Neolithic 394, 394t neoteny 190, 292–292, 377 Neotropical realm 50, 51m nepotism 16 Neptunists 69 nervous systems 143 Nesochen sandiviensis (nene) 160 Nesse, Randolph 157 neutral genetic variation 40 neutral theory of evolution 323 neutrinos 407 Newberg, Andrew 338 New Caledonia 53 Newfoundland, Ediacaran organisms 141–142 New Guinea language 234 Mayr, Ernst 263 Wallace, Alfred Russel 413, 415 new synthesis. See modern synthesis New World monkeys 325 niches 49 Nicholas II (czar of Russia) 258 Nicotiana (tobacco) 203 nipples 410 nitrogen 169–170 nitrogen-fixing bacteria 83 nitrogen isotopes 226 Noah’s Flood 6–7, 96–97 non-avian dinosaurs 122 noncoding DNA 292–294 categories of 293 cladistics and 73t, 74 function of 135 markers 258–259 mutations 127, 293 selfish 366–367 as vestigal characteristic 409 nonconformities 403 nondisjunction 265 nonprescription 75 Noonan, Katherine 345 noosphere 395 norm of reaction 270 North American plate 316, 316m Northcutt, Wendy 108 nosocomial infections 348 notochords 162, 220 Noüy, Pierre Lecomte du 327 Nowak, Martin 18 nuclear winter 354 nuclei (nucleus), evolution of 148– 149 nucleotides 132, 133 nucleus accumbens 47 null hypotheses 357 nunataks 207 O oak (Quercus) adaptive radiation 5m, 5–6 biogeography of 51–52, 52t hybridization 202–203, 203 ice ages and dispersal of 208 obesity 46, 157 Occam’s Razor 357
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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00 Triassic period more resulting l
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unconformity An unconformity is a g
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sissippi River is getting shorter e
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Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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