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Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer, Herbert 387 lancelets 162 land bridges 84, 256–257 land snails (Cerion) 176 language 231–236 animal communications v. 231–232 brain structures for 232 choking and 232 click languages 234 consonants 232 diversity 234–236 DNA 131 gene-culture coevolution 174 genes and 232–233, 234–235 Homo ergaster 190 intelligence and 210, 211–212, 233 Origin of Species (Darwin) 433 pidgin 233 play and 234 reciprocal altruism and 18 sexual selection and 234, 377 simplification trend 233–234 storytelling 234 theories of origin of 233–234 tribal identity and 234 as universal of intelligence 210 vowel sounds 232 larynx development 232 Lascaux Caves (France) 102, 103 last universal common ancestor (LUCA) 248, 302 lateral gene transfer. See horizontal gene transfer Latimeria chalumnae 162 Laughlin, Harry 147 Laurasia 68, 86 law, uniformity of 404 Lazcano, Antonio 300–301 lead contamination 336, 359 leaf-cutter ants 83 Leakey, Louis S. B. 34, 189, 191, 236, 236–237 Leakey, Maeve 238–239 Leakey, Mary 33, 236–237, 237 Leakey, Richard 236, 237, 237– 239, 238 leaves adaptations 2, 3, 4, 167 artificial selection 27 convergent evolution and 89, 90 Devonian period 121 preserved 166 Leavitt, Henrietta Swan 405 left-handed amino acids 301 legs 14, 15, 19–20 Leigh, Egbert 369 Lemaître, Georges 405 Lemba tribe 259 lemurs 325 Leopold, Aldo 22 Lepidodendron 366 lepidosaurs 346 leptin 46 lesser apes 325 Levallois technique 393 Levy, Stuart 348 Lewis, Clive Staples 154, 186 Lewis, Thomas 169–171 Lewis-Williams, David 338–339 Lewontin, Richard 45, 154, 239, 321, 383 Libby, Willard 336 Lieberman, Philip 233 life definition of 56 extraterrestrial 297–299, 353 origin of. See origin of life life force (élan vital) 327, 395 life histories 239–247 death 242–246 environment and 240–241 Homo sapiens 241 physiology and growth 239– 240 post-reproductive period 243, 246, 285 primates 241t reproductive systems 339–345 tree life history strategy (K) 240–241 weed life history strategy (r) 240–241 Life in the Balance (Eldredge) 142 life span 242–246, 285, 290 life state 302 Limenitis archippus (viceroy butterfly) 274, 433 limestone 224 limonene 93 LINEs (long interspersed nuclear elements) 293 Index 455 Lingula 310 linkage disequilibrium 278–279 linkage groups 270–271, 285, 424 Linnaean system 247–249, 248, 432 Linnaeus, Carolus (Linné, Karl von) 247, 249–250 Buffon, Georges, and 64 classification of Homo sapiens 194, 195 lions 17, 17, 343 little-people legends 165 Lives of a Cell (Lewis) 169 livestock animals 8, 10, 372, 422, 426 living fossils 250, 250t, 251 Living with Our Genes: Why They Matter More Than You Think (Hamer) 45 Löb, Walther 300 Löfling, Pehr 249 Lombroso, Cesare 145 long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) 293 long terminal repeats (LTRs) 293 loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) 217, 218 lophophores 220 Lorenz, Konrad 43 lorises 325 Losos, Jonathan 286 Lovelock, James 169, 170 LUCA (last universal common ancestor) 248, 302 Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) 32–33, 33, 227 lungfishes 121, 162 lungs 162, 425–426 Lunine, Jonathan 299 Lyell, Charles 7, 110, 250–252, 404–405 Lysenko, Trofim 252 Lysenkoism 252 Lystrosaurus 84, 85m, 86, 87–88, 310 M macaque monkey 173 MacArthur, Robert H. 417 Machiavellian intelligence 211 Maclura pomifera (hedge-apples, Osage orange) 81 macroevolution 253–254
456 Index MADS genes 118, 120 Magnolia 279 maize (corn, Zea mays) 27, 160 Majerus, Michael 309 malaria 39, 157 The Malay Archipelago (Wallace) 413 male brooding 345 Malthus, Thomas 111, 154–155, 254 mammals (Mammalia) 255, 255– 257. See also specific mammals adaptive radiation 6 dispersal of 52–53 marsupial 52–53, 91, 242, 256–257, 414 placental 52–53, 91, 242, 256– 257, 414 Pleistocene extinction 317–318, 317t, 318t primates 129–131, 241t, 324–326 Wallace, Alfred Russel 414 maniraptorans 124 Mansell, Henry L. 155 Manson asteroid impact (Iowa) 29 Man’s Place in Nature (Huxley, Thomas Henry) 201 Mantell, Gideon 304 many fathers theory 345 maple spanworm moth (Prochoerodes tranversata) 273 Marburger, John H., III 216 Margulis, Lynn xv, 257, 257–258 bacteria 198 Gaia hypothesis 169, 170 nuclear membrane 149 on sexual fusion 373 symbiogenesis 215, 257–258, 278, 388–389, 391 Marianas Trench 316 markers 258–259, 333 Mars 180, 259–261, 260, 298 Marsh, Othniel Charles 122, 201 Marshall, Diane 378 marsupial mammals 52–53, 91, 242, 256–257, 414 Martin, Paul 80, 81–82 Martin, Robert A. 20 Mason, John 141–142 mass extinctions 261–262, 261t asteroids and comets 28 biodiversity and 46–47, 48t Cretaceous 99–100 humans and sixth mass extinction 311–312 Ordovician period 295 Permian 309–312 Pleistocene extinction 317–318, 317t, 318t mast seeding 78 mate preferences 382–383 mathematician (Fisher, R. A.) 161– 162 matrix 165 matter, cycling of 57, 140 Maupertuis, Pierre 267 Mawsonites 141 May, Robert M. 48, 372 Mayer, August 288 Mayer, Hermann von 25 Maynard Smith, John 262–263, 302 Mayr, Ernst 263, 263–264 definition of life 56 natural selection 281, 421 Spencer, Herbert 388 tenets of evolution 150, 151 McManamin, Mark 142 McNair, M. R. 378 McPhee, John 7 Mead, Margaret 383 meadow vole (Microtus pensylvanicus) 47 Meaning of Evolution (Simpson) 379 measurable phenomena 358 meat consumption 187, 190, 192, 289 Medawar, Peter 243, 245, 361 medicine, evolutionary 76, 156– 159 meiosis 264–266, 265, 269 meiotic drive 368 Melaleuca quinquinervia 217, 218 melatonin 41 memes 116 Mencken, H. L. 362 Mendel, Gregor 122, 266–268, 267 Mendelian genetics 268–271, 269. See also modern synthesis effect of linked traits 270–271 environment and inheritance 268 Fisher, R. A. 161 Mendelian ratio 269 menopause 243, 246 Mercury, atmosphere of 180 Merezhkovsky, Konstantin S. 388 Merychippus 199 Mesohippus 199 Mesolithic Age 393 Mesopotamia 9, 10 Mesosaurus 84, 85m Mesozoic era 175, 182, 256, 271– 272 messenger RNA 134 metallic (M-type) asteroids 28 metamorphic rocks 165 metaphase 265 meteorites 260–261, 261, 299, 404 methane Gaia hypothesis 169 greenhouse effect 179 origin of life 300 Permian extinction 311 methanogens 24, 419 methylation 134–135 micelles 302 microbiologist (Woese, Carl) 418– 419 microcephaly 165 microevolution 253–254 microsatellites (short segment repeats) 293 microspores 370 Microtus ochrogaster (prairie vole) 47 Microtus pensylvanicus (meadow vole) 47 microwave radiation 406 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 86, 87, 315– 316, 316m Middle East, evolution of agriculture 9–10 mid-ocean ridges 86, 87, 315–316, 316m Milanković, Milutin 205–206 Milanković cycle 205–206, 206 milkweed (Asclepias) 77 Milky Way galaxy 297, 407 Miller, Geoffrey 18, 211–212, 234 Miller, Hugh 70, 95 Miller, Stanley 214, 272, 272–273, 300–301, 398 mimicry 273, 273–274 Batesian 40, 274 camouflage 273, 273 Müllerian 44, 273
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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00 Triassic period more resulting l
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unconformity An unconformity is a g
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Page 426: ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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