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extinction 159–160. See also mass extinctions Cuvier, Georges 105 disjunct populations and 126 ice ages and 208 of languages 236 nuclear winter 354 Origin of Species (Darwin) 430, 432 extraterrestrial life 297–299, 353 eyes color vision 325, 382 convergent evolution of 90–91, 93 crystallin proteins 215, 215t as evolutionary progress 327 macro- v. microevolution 253– 254 Origin of Species (Darwin) 425–426 primates 324–325 trilobites 401, 401 F Fabian, A. C. 150 face pattern recognition 382 facial angle 146, 187, 292 facial expressions 42, 382 Fagaceae (oak family) 51–52, 52t Falk, Dean 165 families 247, 248 Famitsyn, Andrey S. 388 fear of strangers (xenophobia) 382 feathered dinosaurs 61, 124 feathers Archaeopteryx 25, 25–26 bird evolution and 60 as exaptation 3, 254, 374–375 feeblemindedness 146, 147 Felsenstein, Joseph 4 Ferenczi, Sándor 337 fermentation 350, 351 ferns 364–365, 365 Ferris, James 301 fertility rates 319 fertilization 264, 269 fetus-mother relationship 158 fevers 157 Fincke, Ola 375 fingerprints 172 fire Flores Island people 163, 164 H. heidelbergensis 193 Homo ergaster 190 Neandertals 289 fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) 217, 416 First Law of Thermodynamics 297– 298, 396 Fisher, C. 328 Fisher, R. A. 161–162 eugenics 145, 147, 161–162 genetic variability 271, 277, 320, 323 mutations 372 sexual selection 374 statistics 148, 161 fishes adaptive radiation in cichlids 6 blind cave fishes 410 character displacement 71 cladistics and 75 convergent evolution in 92 Devonian period 121 evolution of 162 hybridization 202 male brooding 345 mutualism 83 Ordovician period 295 reproductive systems 342 Fishman, Lila 368 fission tracks 336 Fitch, Walter 157–158 fitness. See natural selection fitness indicators 212–213, 374– 375, 376–377 FitzRoy, Robert 110, 163 five-digit pattern 3 fixed action patterns 41–42 flagella 389–390 flatworms (Platyhelinthes) 220 flesh-finned fishes 162 flight 26, 60–61, 91, 91, 124, 425–426 flightless birds 410, 426 Flood Geology 95, 96–97 Flood of Noah 6–7, 96–97 Flora of North America (Gray) 177 Flores Island people (Homo floresiensis) 53, 163–165, 164 Florida, soapberry bug specialization 222, 285 flounder 427 flowering plants. See angiosperms fluctuating change 337 Index 449 fluoroquinolones 347–348 flu viruses 157–158, 198 Focus on the Family xiv follicle mites (Demodex folliculorum) 82 food chain (food web) 139 food poisoning 348 food resources specialization 222– 223 footprints 33, 33, 60, 167, 237 Foot-Prints of the Creator (Miller) 70 Ford, E. B. 307, 308 Ford, Henry 285 formication 339 fossils and fossilization 165–168, 166, 167 Archaeopteryx 25, 25–26 Burgess shale (Canada) 64–66, 65, 166, 176–177 creationism and 96–97, 330 Dart, Raymond 107 dinosaurs 122 Ediacaran organisms 141, 141–142 intelligent design theory and 214, 330 missing links 255, 274–276 Origin of Species (Darwin) 429 Piltdown man hoax 314–315 punctuated equilibria v. gradualism 329–330 Smith, William 380 tree of life 399–400 trilobites 400–401, 401 founder effect 168. See also genetic drift FOXP2 gene 233 fragile X syndrome 271 frameshift mutations 280 France Chauvet cave 104 Cosquer Cave 102 Lascaux Caves 102, 103 Moula-Guercy Cave 289 Terra Amata site 193 tools 393 Frankino, W. Anthony 15 Franklin, Rosalind 132 Franklinia alatamaha 159 F ratio 161 Frauenhofer, Joseph 405 Freeman, Derek 383
450 Index frequency-dependent selection 284, 284–285 Freud, Sigmund 337 Friedberg, Felix 129 Friend, Tim 44 frogs 19–20 frost avoidance 410 frost tolerance 410 fruit flies (Drosophila) Dobzhansky, Theodosius 137 food resource specialization 222 Hox genes 118, 119, 120 life span 242 mating dances 222 mutations 271 peripatric speciation 384 in population genetics 320 speciation 385–386 Fuhlrott, Johann 288 Full House (Gould) 177 Fulton, George 258 function and structure, interconnectedness of 56 The Fundamentals 95 fundamental theorem of natural selection 320 fungi 148–150, 249, 367 The Future of Life (Wilson) 416, 418 G Gaia hypothesis 169–171 galagos 325 Galápagos Islands 171, 171m, 171–172 biogeography 53 blue-footed booby 42, 43 Darwin’s finches. See Darwin’s finches galaxies 405–406, 407 Galileo Galilei 15, 155, 355, 362 gall wasps 285 Galton, Francis 145, 172–173 gametes 264 gamma-ray bursts 297 Gamow, George 406 Garstang, Walter 291 Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback) 376 gastroliths (stomach stones) 122, 123, 166 gastropods 220 gay gene 45 gene-centered view of selection 368 gene-culture coevolution 173–174 gene duplication 135–136, 136, 215, 294, 366–367 gene expression 328 gene flow 384 gene pool 127, 320 genera (genus) 247 gene regulation 293–294 genes, definition 134 The Genesis Flood (Morris, Whitcomb) 96 The Genesis of Species (Mivart) 303, 426 genetic algorithms (evolutionary algorithms) 151–152 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Fisher) 161, 277 genetic bottlenecks 160, 168, 196 genetic code 134, 134t genetic determinism 271 genetic diversity 159–160, 168, 371–372, 419. See also biodiversity genetic drift adaptation 3 founder effect 168 HIV resistance 12 Wright, Sewall 419–420 genetic engineering 27 genetic imprinting 367 geneticists. See also evolutionary geneticists Fisher, R. A. 161–162 Lewontin, Richard 239 Mendel, Gregor 266–268 genetic markers 258–259, 333 genetics 135 Genetics and the Origin of Species (Dobzhansky) 137 genetic sex determination 370 genetic systems, origin of 301–302 genetic variability DNA studies 131 horizontal gene transfer 197 natural selection 285 Origin of Species (Darwin) 424–425 population genetics 320–324, 320t genus (genera) 247 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne 105, 120 geographic isolation 220–221, 384 The Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man (Lyell) 252 geological time scale 174–175, 175t geologists Agassiz, Louis 6–7 Hutton, James 199–200 Lyell, Charles 250–252 Smith, William 380 Georgia, disjunct alder population 125–126 Geospiza conirostris 115 Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) 71, 114–115, 115 Geospiza fuliginosa (small ground finch) 71 Geospiza magnirostris 115 Germany Homo heidelbergensis 192– 193, 193t Neandertals 288 germ (germline) cells 242, 244, 266, 279 gesture communications 233 giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) 243 Gibbs, J. Willard 229, 397 Gibson, J. Phil 125 gigantothermy 14 Gilbert, Walter 302 Ginkgo adiantoides 251 Ginkgo biloba 159, 182, 251 giraffe 3–4, 426 glaciers/glaciation. See ice ages Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust) 81 global warming 180, 207–208, 311, 354 globin genes 135–136, 136t Glossipteris flora 84, 85m, 87–88 glycolysis 350–351 gnetales 21, 182–183 Goddard, Henry 146 Goksøyr, Jostein 49 golden rain tree 222, 285 Golden Rule 153 Goldilocks principle 23–24 Goldschmidt, Richard 330 Gombe Stream Research Center 176 gonads 266
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
Page 417 and 418: thermodynamics return to their orig
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Page 422 and 423: unconformity An unconformity is a g
Page 424 and 425: sissippi River is getting shorter e
Page 426: ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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