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useless characteristics 409 Ussher, James 7, 96 V vancomycin 348 Van Valen, Leigh 337–338 vapor canopy 97 variability. See genetic variability variable number tandem repeats 293 variable offspring 371–373 variance ratio 161, 321 vascular tissue 182, 364 Vavilov, Nikolai 252 velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) 217 Vendobionta 142 Venter, Craig 49 Venus, atmosphere of 180 Venus of Willendorf 103 vertebrates 162, 292, 310 vervet monkeys 232 vestigal characteristics 409–411 biochemical 409 cellular 409–410 organs 410 Origin of Species (Darwin) 426, 434 whales 416 Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chambers) 70, 303 Vialle, Ruben de la 103 vicariance 51–53, 125, 235 viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus) 274, 433 Vilmorin, Louis 267 Vinci, Leonardo da 165 Vine, Fred 86 violence 342–343, 375 Virchow, Rudolf 288 Virginia opossum (Didelphus virginiana) 243 viruses AIDS 10–11 evolution of the nucleus and 149 horizontal gene transfer 198 influenza 157–158, 198 RNA 132 vision. See eyes visions 338, 339 vitalism 56 volcanic eruptions Cretaceous extinction 100, 261–262 Permian extinction 311 plate tectonics 316, 317 voles (Microtus) 47 von Baer, Karl Ernst 337 Vonnegut, Kurt 111 vowel sounds 232 The Voyage of the HMS Beagle (Darwin) 110 Vrba, Elisabeth 34, 176 vultures 63–64 W Wächtershäuser 301 Walcott, Charles Doolittle 64–65, 66 Wald, George 296 Walker, Alan 189 Wallace, Alfred Russel 413–415 biogeography 50, 414 Darwin, Charles, and 112, 413–414 natural selection theory 281, 303, 413–414 opposition to eugenics 147, 414–415 Wallace’s Line 414 Wallin, Ivan 257, 388 walnut (Juglans) 75 Walsh, Benjamin 222 Ward, Peter 262, 297, 299, 309 warfarin 347 Warfield, B. B. 95 warm-blooded animals 14, 255 warning coloration 44 wasps dominant female reproductive systems 91 egg-laying behavior 41–42 kin selection 16–17 mutations 373 stabilizing selection 285 water 179–180, 213, 296, 298 Watson, James 132, 360 wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) 218 Wedekind, Claus 339–340 weed life history strategy (r) 240, 246 Index 467 weeds artificial selection and 27 herbicide resistance 347, 348–350 invasive species 217 Weekes, W. H. 70 Wegener, Alfred 84, 86 Weidenreich, Franz 188, 315 Weis, Arthur 285 Weismann, August 372 Weller, Steve 221 Wells, Herbert George 146–147, 165, 200 Wenzel, Richard P. 348 Werner’s syndrome 244 Wernicke’s area 174, 210, 232 Westoby, Marc 378 whales 410, 415–416, 427 “What Are the ‘Ghosts of Evolution’?” (essay) 80–82 wheat 252 Whewell, William 360 Whitcomb, John C. 96 White, Tim 32 white spruce (Picea glauca) 126, 126 Whittington, Harry 65 “Why Do Humans Die?” (essay) 244–246 Wickramasinghe, Chandra 298 Wiedersheim, Robert 409 Wiener, Norbert 49 Wilberforce, Samuel 201, 304 Williams, Daniel Lewis 289 Williams, George C. 157, 245, 372 Williams syndrome 232 Willson, Mary 377 Wilson, Allan 130 Wilson, Edward O. 416–418, 417 biophilia 59 character displacement 71 consilience 355, 418 island biogeography 417 sociobiology 382 Wilson, Margo 17, 343 Wilson, Robert 406 Winchell, Alexander 95 Wiwaxia corrugata 66 Woese, Carl 24, 128–129, 301, 302, 418–419, 419 Wöhler, Friedrich 56, 300
468 Index Wonderful Life (Gould) 66, 176–177 wood lemmings 368 wood tools 193, 393 World Wide Web 144 worm burrows 167 Wright, George Frederick 178 Wright, Sewall 271, 308, 323, 419–420 X X chromosomes 270, 368, 370 xenophobia (fear of strangers) 382 Xq28 marker 45 xylem cells 121, 182 Y Yanomamö (Amazonia) 383 Y chromosome 128, 258–259, 270, 368, 370 Yersinia pestis (plague) 80 young-Earth creationists 94 Younger Dryas period 180 Z Zafarraya Cave (Spain) 290 Zahavi, Amotz 374 Zea mays (corn, maize) 27, 160 zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) 217 Zinjanthropus boisei 237 zircon crystals 335–336 zoologists Haldane, J. B. S. 185–186 Huxley, Julian S. 200 Zoonomia, or, The Laws of Organic Life (Erasmus Darwin) 113 Zooxanthellae 83 zosterophylls 365 Zuk, Marlene 374 zygotes 264, 265, 266
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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00 Triassic period more resulting l
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unconformity An unconformity is a g
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sissippi River is getting shorter e
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ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
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0 vestigial characteristics algae.
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Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
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genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
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