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plants. One member of this group is the desert ephedra bush. Further Reading McLoughlin, Stephen, and Vivi Vadja. “Wollemi.” American Scientist 93 (2005): 540–547. gymnosperms, evolution of Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley. “Introduction to the Bennettitales.” Available online. URL: http://www. ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/bennettitales.html. Accessed March 29, 2005. Wollemi Pine International. “The Wollemi Pine.” Available online. URL: http://www.wollemipine.com. Accessed March 28, 2005.
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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Page 155 and 156: Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
Page 157 and 158: duplication, gene prominent brow ri
Page 159 and 160: 0 ecology Second, organisms can con
Page 161 and 162: Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
Page 163 and 164: eugenics grieving, or experiencing
Page 165 and 166: eugenics because government officia
Page 167 and 168: eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
Page 169 and 170: 0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
Page 171 and 172: evolutionary ethics the ability to
Page 173 and 174: evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
Page 175 and 176: evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
Page 177 and 178: evolutionary medicine variable in t
Page 179 and 180: 0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
Page 181 and 182: fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
Page 183 and 184: Flores Island people Christopher St
Page 185 and 186: fossils and fossilization The grain
Page 187 and 188: founder effect Further Reading Fort
Page 189 and 190: 0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
Page 191 and 192: Galton, Francis constituted a premi
Page 193 and 194: gene pool Cocos Island is too small
Page 195 and 196: Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
Page 197 and 198: Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
Page 199 and 200: 0 group selection used the carbon t
Page 201: gymnosperms, evolution of began per
Page 205 and 206: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with his
Page 207 and 208: Homo antecessor Hominin evolution o
Page 209 and 210: 0 Homo ergaster Stone tools. Like e
Page 211 and 212: Homo heidelbergensis H. habilis was
Page 213 and 214: Homo rudolfensis This harpoon tip,
Page 215 and 216: Hooker, Joseph Dalton to be inferio
Page 217 and 218: horizontal gene transfer out to be
Page 219 and 220: 00 Huxley, Julian S. ited property.
Page 221 and 222: 0 hybridization Examples of Intersp
Page 223 and 224: 0 hybridization Three species of mu
Page 225 and 226: 0 ice ages modern computer at least
Page 227 and 228: 0 ice ages The vast amounts of wate
Page 229 and 230: 0 intelligence, evolution of taken
Page 231 and 232: intelligence, evolution of hunting,
Page 233 and 234: intelligent design However, ID theo
Page 235 and 236: intelligent design with evolution,
Page 237 and 238: invertebrates, evolution of Unable
Page 239 and 240: 0 island biogeography Protostomes v
Page 241 and 242: isolating mechanisms from one anoth
Page 243 and 244: isotopes lar to them. Traits that e
Page 245 and 246: isotopes food in developed countrie
Page 248 and 249: Kelvin, Lord (1824-1907) British Ph
Page 250 and 251: Laetoli footprints See australopith
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• Mutation of the FOXP2 gene impa
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Humans spread all over the world fr
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allowed Louis and Mary Leakey to co
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anamensis in 1995, and Kenyanthropu
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since their tiny seeds could not gr
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• Fitness risks. By repressing th
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nerve cells—the very specializati
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Williams, George C. “Pleiotropy,
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• Orders that evolved most recent
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(a) (b) Some modern species closely
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macroevolution Macroevolution refer
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mammals, evolution of The Class Mam
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pials successfully moved northward,
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high priest, Aaron, brother of Mose
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A scanning electron micrograph from
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• Application of mathematical pri
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of the alleles that the organism re
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ish priest but was not successful;
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was dominant and hid the white trai
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allele, if crossing over occurred i
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an experiment that would delay the
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A skull found at Petralona in Greec
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Fossil Hominin Skulls Intermediate
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will eventually be separated by cro
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Nariokotome skeleton See Homo ergas
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poem before Darwin wrote his book.)
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example of frequency-dependent sele
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very popular. Paley published Reaso
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features listed above. It is assume
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neoteny Neoteny is the retention of
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noncoding DNA. Noncoding DNA is pop
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Ordovician period The Ordovician pe
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Are Humans Alone in the Universe? W
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• Chemical composition of the Ear
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oth may have been a chemical wonder
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Montagu said, “Next to the Bible,
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Paleolithic See technology. paleoma
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more common in polluted regions has
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induction, not only was it not caus
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an out of oxygen, and the landscape
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make food using carbon dioxide (CO
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sils. When he inquired again, they
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earthquakes are a welcome process t
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• Individuals within a population
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mutations can occur in buds. A bran
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the allele will decline to a freque
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• Depth perception. Primates have
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complex organisms came into existen
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teeth. They were not mouse teeth, b
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tools. The brains of Homo ergaster
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quantitative trait loci Quantitativ
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adiometric dating Radiometric datin
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that the human embryo actually goes
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paintings resemble what people at t
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own cones, from which the seeds are
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Two different hypothetical Bateman
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Other reproductive and related acti
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chemical spraying the weaker member
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Many insect species are now becomin
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dioxide, which diffuses into the en
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Sahelanthropus • Nuclear winter.
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scientific method hypotheses one ca
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scientific method water on entire m
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0 scientific method scientific rese
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Scopes Trial The two principal figu
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seedless plants, evolution of the h
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selfish genetic elements during the
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selfish genetic elements Sex chromo
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0 sex, evolution of tures; the micr
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sex, evolution of biologist George
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sexual selection more offspring, th
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sexual selection Because, in these
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sexual selection through this tube
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0 Smith, William ———. Tempo a
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social behavior social behavior See
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solar system ———. On Human Na
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speciation Ensatina eschscholtzii i
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statistics within countries, and th
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0 symbiogenesis like ciliated or fl
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taxonomy See cladistics; Linnaean s
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Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1881-1
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The Second Law A simplified version
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Thomson, William See Kelvin, Lord.
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Trilobites (such as this Phacops ra
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0 uniformitarianism layers up and o
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0 universe, origin of Yes, the univ
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vestigial characteristics Vestigial
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ability. In fact, some transposons
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Wallace, Alfred Russel knew they wo
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Wilson, Edward O. This would, howev
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Woese, Carl R. sociobiology provide
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0 Wright, Sewall the USDA, studying
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422 appendix with those (admittedly
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424 appendix Second, individuals ma
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426 appendix Why, on the theory of
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428 appendix when young and blind,
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430 appendix chapter 11. On the geo
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432 appendix freshwater habitats se
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434 appendix same butterfly species
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Further resources further reaDing:
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440 Index algae 365, 367 algorithms
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442 Index biochemist Miller, Stanle
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444 Index choanocyte cells 143, 219
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446 Index Darwin, Charles (continue
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448 Index endoplasmic reticulum 409
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450 Index frequency-dependent selec
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452 Index Heterocephalus glaber (na
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454 Index internal stimuli 41 inter
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456 Index MADS genes 118, 120 Magno
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458 Index Native Americans (continu
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460 Index parent-offspring conflict
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462 Index races (continued) Linnaeu
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464 Index Shapley, Harlow 405 share
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466 Index teeth (continued) size of
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468 Index Wonderful Life (Gould) 66
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