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Index Note: Boldface page numbers indicate main entries, italic page numbers indicate illustrations, m refers to maps, t refers to tables. A Aaron’s Y chromosome 258–259 abdA gene 118, 119t abdB gene 118, 119t ABO blood groups 40 Abrahamson, Warren 285 Acacia 8, 83 Acanthostega gunnari 19 acclimation (acclimatization) 2 Acheulean tools 163, 189, 190, 191, 393 acid rain 311 Ackerly, David 4 adaptation 1–4 concept of 1 convergence 89–93, 90, 92 Origin of Species (Darwin) 426–427, 427–428 perfect v. imperfect 1–2 proximate causes 2–3 ultimate causes 3–4 use of term 1 adaptive radiation 4–6, 5m Darwin’s finches 6, 114, 116 Galápagos Islands 171–172 Origin of Species (Darwin) 431 adenine (A) 132, 133 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 350 adult stem cells 244 Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) 217 aerobic conditions 313 aerobic respiration 350–351 Africa Ediacaran organisms (Namibia) 141–142 Goodall, Jane 175–176 Homo ergaster 189 Homo habilis 191 Homo sapiens 194 ice ages and 208 Kabwe skull 194, 275 Karoo Basin deposits 309, 310 Katanda harpoon point 187, 194 language 234–235 Leakey, Louis S. B. 34, 189, 191, 236, 236–237 Leakey, Mary 33, 236–237 Leakey, Richard 236, 237–239, 238 Out of Africa theory 104, 130 Permo-Triassic deposits 309, 310 Tanzania stone tools 190 African Adam 130 African Eve 130 African honeybee (Apis mellifera) 217, 218 439 After Many a Summer (Huxley, Aldous) 292 Agassiz, Lake 208 Agassiz, Louis 6–7, 95, 205 age of Earth 7–8, 96, 229–230, 305 aggression 342–343, 345 aging (senescence) 243, 244–246 agnathan fishes 162 agnosticism 95, 201 Agrawal, Alka 294 agriculture 8–10 artificial selection 26–27, 27, 281, 422 DNA markers 258–259 livestock animals 8, 10, 372, 422, 426 Origin of Species (Darwin) 422 Agrobacterium tumifaciens 198 AIDS, evolution of 10–13 individual resistance to 12, 279 mutation rate 13 origins of 11–12 resistance of HIV 12, 13t air movement 397 alarm calls 16 albedo 139, 380 Alberts, Bruce 216 Albumares 141 alders (Alnus) 125–126, 222
440 Index algae 365, 367 algorithms, evolutionary 151–152 ALH84001 meteorite 260–261, 261, 298 alleles, definition 264 allergies 158–159 allocation of resources 239–240 allometry 13–15, 14 adaptation and 3 Flores Island people 164–165 Origin of Species (Darwin) 424 allopatric speciation 264, 384 allozymes 321 All Species Foundation 49 Alnus (alder) 222 Alnus maritima (seaside alder) 125–126 Alnus serrulata (hazel alder) 125– 126 alpine tundra 54, 125, 208, 431 Altaic languages 235 Altamira cave (Spain) 102, 103 alternative splicing 293 Altman, Sidney 302 altruism 15–19 Haldane, J. B. S. 186 indirect reciprocity 18 kin selection 16–17 reciprocal 17–18 sexual selection and 18, 212 social insects 16–17 Alu sequences 293 Alvarez, Luis 100 Alvarez, Walter 100 amber 166 Amborella trichopoda 21 Ambulocetus natans 416 American Civil Liberties Union 363 American Museum of Natural History 142, 263 amino acids 129, 129t, 134, 279– 280, 299–301 amniotic eggs 346 Amoeba proteus 390 amphibians 19–20, 121, 345 anaerobic conditions 313, 350 anagenesis 253 analogy (analogous) 73, 433 anaphase 265 anapsids 346 anatomy Cuvier, Georges 105 Dart, Raymond 107 ancestral traits (symplesiomorphy) 72 Anderson, Edgar 204 Andromeda galaxy 405, 407 Angier, Natalie 243 angiosperms 20–22 coevolution with pollinators 78–79 Cretaceous period 101 dinosaurs and 124 MADS genes 118, 120 Origin of Species (Darwin) 433 reproductive systems 340, 340–341, 341 tree of life 399 angular unconformities 403 animal rights 22–23, 326 Annals of the Old Testament, Deduced from the First Origin of the World (Ussher) 7 annelids (Annelida) 220 anole lizard 286 Anomalocaris 65, 65–66, 167 Antarctica 206, 207, 208 Antarctic realm 50, 51m anthocyanin 27 anthropic principle 23–24, 415 anthropoids 324, 325–326 anthropologists Dart, Raymond 107 Dubois, Eugène 137–138 Johanson, Donald 227 Leakey, Louis S. B. 236–237 Leakey, Mary 237 Leakey, Richard 237–239 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 395 antibiotic resistance 158, 197–198, 347–348 antievolutionism and antienvironmentalism xiv–xv antioxidants 244 antlers 375 Antp gene 118, 119t, 120 ants agriculture and 8, 92 dominant female reproductive systems 91 emergence 143 invasive species 217, 416 kin selection 16–17 mutualism 83 Origin of Species (Darwin) 428 Wilson, Edward O. 417–418 The Ants (Wilson, Hölldobler) 416 Apatosaurus (formerly Brontosaurus) 123 apes 325–326. See also primates apicoplasts 390 ApoE gene 157 apomixis 203, 223, 385 appendixes 410 appetite 46 Archaean Eon (Era) 174, 324 archaebacteria (archaea) 24–25, 37–39, 249 extraterrestrial life 297 photosynthesis 313 tree of life 399 Woese, Carl 419 Archaeopteryx 25, 25–26, 62, 274, 304 Archaeoraptor lianingensis 61 Archaeosperma 182 archosaurs 346 Arctic Ocean 206, 207 arctic tundra 54, 125 Ardipithecus ramidus 32 Ardrey, Robert 32 “Are Humans Alone in the Universe” (essay) 297–299 argument from design 97, 109, 286–287. See also intelligent design theory argument from personal omniscience 214 Aristotle 1 Arizona Barrington Crater 28, 29 San Francisco Mountains 54 Arkansas, teaching evolution in 362 Armageddon (film) 28 Armbruster, W. Scott 71 Arrhenius, Svante 298 Arsuaga, Juan Luis 192 art Cro-Magnon 102, 102–103, 103, 238–239 H. heidelbergensis 193 Homo sapiens 187, 194, 195 Neandertals 289 sexual selection and 212 arthropods 65, 65, 220, 400–401, 401 artificial selection 26–27, 27, 281, 422 Asclepias (milkweed) 77
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
Page 406 and 407: Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
Page 408 and 409: comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
Page 410: of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
Page 413 and 414: technology Technological and Cultur
Page 415 and 416: thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
Page 417 and 418: thermodynamics return to their orig
Page 419 and 420: 00 Triassic period more resulting l
Page 422 and 423: unconformity An unconformity is a g
Page 424 and 425: sissippi River is getting shorter e
Page 426: ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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