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Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146 on evolutionary progress 327 modern synthesis 277 neoteny 292 Huxley, Thomas Henry 200–202 age of Earth 8 agnosticism 95 Chambers, Robert, and 70 on ethics 153, 155 gradualism 332 natural selection 155 Neandertals 288 opposition to eugenics 147 on Origin of Species (Darwin) 112 Owen, Richard, and 304 scientific method 354 Hwang, Woo-suk 360 hybridization 202–204, 202t, 203, 203t inferiority of offspring as isolating mechanism 223–224 meiosis 266 Neandertals and Homo sapiens 290 Origin of Species (Darwin) 428 speciation by 385 hydrogen isotopes 224, 225, 226 hydrogenosomes 390 hypothesis testing 4, 127–128, 355–356, 356 hypsithermal 208 Hyracotherium 199 I ice ages 205–209, 205t, 206, 207 biogeography 54 glacial advances and retreats 207–208 isotope ratios as indicators of 206, 207, 224, 225, 226 Milanković cycle 205–206, 206 Pleistocene extinction 318 Quaternary period 333–334 Snowball Earth 380–381 ice cores 179 Ichthyostega 121 Ichthyostega stensioei 19 Igf2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) 367 iguanas 171, 172 Iltis, Hugh 160 immigration 146 immortal cells 244–245 immune system 10–11, 158–159 immunoglobulins 159 impact craters 28–31, 29, 261, 296, 404 imperfect v. perfect adaptation 1–2 imprinting 43 impulsiveness 108, 375 inbreeding 144, 323, 372, 373, 419 inbreeding depression 372, 373 incest 339–340, 382 inclusive fitness 16 independent assortment 265, 270, 371 indirect reciprocity 18 individuals definition of 320–321 v. group selection 180–181 natural selection and 373 Origin of Species (Darwin) 428 in populations 318–319 selfish 366 sexual selection 374 individual selection 180–181 Indo-European language families 235 Indonesia Flores Island people 53, 163– 165 Homo erectus 188 Wallace, Alfred Russel 413, 414, 415 inductive logic 356 industrial melanism 306, 306–308 indy gene 242 infanticide 17, 17, 343, 344, 345 infant mortality 319 influenza 157–158, 198 infrared radiation 179 inheritance, blending v. particulate 267, 268, 277 inheritance of acquired characteristics 132, 133, 150– 151, 231, 268 Inherit the Wind (play, films) 362– 364 inhibitor molecules 328 Inouye, Isao 390 Index 453 insects. See also specific insects Carboniferous period 69 invasive species 217–218 pesticide resistance 347, 348– 350 sex ratios 345 trachea and spiracles 14–15 Wilson, Edward O. 416–417 The Insect Societies (Wilson) 417 instinctive behavior patterns 41–42, 427–428 Institute of Human Origins 227 insulin 214–215 insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) 367 integrase 10–11 intelligence 209–213 anthropic principle 23–24 brain size and 93, 209–210, 211 Darwin Awards 108 defining 209 as evolutionary progress 327 evolution of components v. evolution of general intelligence 210–211 Galton, Francis 172–173 herbivores 211 IQ tests 146 language and 210, 211–212, 233 in nonhuman species 213 Origin of Species (Darwin) 426–427 predators 211 repeated evolution of, in humans 213 sexual selection and 212–213 Wallace, Alfred Russel 415 intelligent design theory xiv, 213– 217 and creationism 97 gaps in fossil record 214, 330 natural theology 155, 287 Origin of Species (Darwin) 425–426 in schools 98 vestigal characteristics 410–411 intergeneric crosses 203t, 204 interglacial periods 205 intermediate forms. See missing links; transitional (intermediate) forms
454 Index internal stimuli 41 interphase 264 interspecific crosses 202–204, 202t introgression 204 introns 293 invasive species 217–218 invertebrates 218–220, 219 Burgess shale (Canada) 64–66, 65 Ediacaran organisms 141–142 emergence 143 neoteny 291 Ordovician period 295 Permian period 312 tree of life 399 trilobites 400–401, 401 investment of resources 239–240 Iowa asteroid impact 29 IQ (intelligence quotient) tests 146, 210–211, 210t iridium 100, 381 Iron Age 394, 394t ironstones 380–381 irreducible complexity 214–216 islands. See also Galápagos Islands; Hawaii allopatric speciation 384 biogeography 53–54 Cocos Island 173–174 Flores Island people 53, 163– 165, 164 invasive species 218 Origin of Species (Darwin) 424, 430–431 Wilson, Edward O. 417 isolating mechanisms 220–224, 384 Origin of Species (Darwin) 424 postzygotic 223–224 prezygotic 221–223 fertilization success 223 food resources specialization 222–223 mating behaviors 222 pollination mechanisms 221–222 symbiont specialization 223 timing of reproduction 222 isotope ratios 224 isotopes 167, 179, 224–226, 309, 335–336 isozymes 279 Isua formation (Greenland) 224, 296 J Jablonski, David 93 Jacob, Teuku 165 Jainism 22 Janzen, Daniel 80 Japanese language 235 Java man 188. See also Homo erectus jaws 162, 255, 255, 256 Jefferson, Thomas altruism 18 Buffon, Georges, and 64 descendants of 259 European royalty 144–145 forest preservation 22 mammoths 105 Unitarians 339 jellyfish 219 Jenkin, Fleeming 112, 270, 277 Jeon, Kwang 390 Jewish descendants of Aaron 259 Johanson, Donald 32–33, 33, 227 Jones, John 98, 421 Journal of Molecular Evolution 214 Juglans (walnut) 75 jumping genes (transposons, transposable elements) 11, 293– 294, 411 junk DNA 135, 293 Jupiter 28, 29, 298 Jurassic period 227 juvenile characteristics. See neoteny K Kaali event 31 Kabwe skull (Zambia) 194, 275 Kalm, Peter 249 Kansas board of education 362 Karoo Basin deposits (South Africa) 309, 310 Karpechenko, Georgi 204 Katanda harpoon point (Zaire) 187, 194 Kaufmann, Stuart 301 Kekulé, Friedrich 356 Kelly, Kevin 49 Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord 8, 229–230 Kenya National Museum 236–237, 238, 239 Kenyanthropus platyops 34, 239 Kenya Wildlife Service 238 Kepenomamus robustus 256 Kettlewell, Henry Bernard Davis 307–309 Kew Gardens 196, 197 killer ape theory 107 Kimeu, Kamoya 189, 238 kindness 212 kinetic energy 396 King, William 288 kingdoms 247, 249 kingpin principle 285 kin selection 16–17 Kirschvink, Joseph 380 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 98 Knight, Thomas 267 KNM-ER 1470 238, 238 Knoll, Andrew 67, 381 knuckle-walking 59, 60 Koenigswald, Ralph von 188 kohanim 259 Kollar, E. J. 328 Korarcheota 24 Korber, Bette 12 Kozo-Polyansky, Boris 278, 388 Krebs cycle 350–351 K/T event. See Cretaceous extinction kudzu vine (Puereria montana) 218 Kuiper Belt 28, 298 kwolu-aatmwol 323 L lab gene 118 Lack, David 71, 114, 171–172 Lactobacillus 350 lactose tolerance 174 Laetoli footprints 33, 33, 60, 237 Laird, Charlton 233 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de 132, 231, 268 Lamarckism 231 v. biological evolution 151 Darwin, Charles, and 109 and Lysenkoism 252
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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00 Triassic period more resulting l
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Page 424 and 425: sissippi River is getting shorter e
Page 426: ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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