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asexual propagation 370–371 Ashfall Beds State Historic Park (Nebraska) 167, 167 Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) 217 Asimina triloba (pawpaw) 81 asteroids and comets 27–31, 29, 30 Cretaceous extinction 100 definitions 27–28 impacts/impact craters 28–31, 29, 30, 261, 296, 404 mass extinctions 262 near misses 28 origin of life 296, 297–298, 299 Permian extinction 311 uniformitarianism 404 asthma 159 Astrapsis 295 astrobiology 299 astronomers Copernicus, Nicolaus 93–94 Sagan, Carl 353–354 atheism 94, 95, 156 atoms, emergent properties of 143 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 350 Attending Marvels (Simpson) 379 Augustine, Saint 98, 354 Aurignacian tools 393 Australasian realm 50, 51m Australia Bedout Crater 311 birds 63 Ediacaran organisms 141–142 Pleistocene extinction 317 australopithecines 31–35 Australopithescus 32–33, 33 Dart, Raymond 107 Kenyanthropus platyops 34, 239 Orrorin tugenensis 31–32 Paranthropus 34, 34, 192, 237 Sahelanthropus tchadensis 31, 31 Australopithecus afarensis 32–33, 33, 227 Australopithecus africanus 32, 32, 107 Australopithecus anamensis 32, 238–239 Australopithecus bahrelghazali 32 Australopithecus garhi 32 autapomorphies (unique traits) 72 autecology 57, 139–140 autotrophic cells and organisms 313 Avery, Oswald 132 avocado (Persea americana) 81 avoidance 410 axolotls 291 Ayala, Francisco J. 399, 400 AZT (azidothymidine) 11, 12, 13, 13t B bacilli 37 Bacillus permians 39 bacteria (eubacteria, true bacteria) 37–39. See also archaebacteria antibiotic resistance 347–348 archaebacteria v. 24 characteristics of 37 classification 249 diversity and 49 evolution of the nucleus and 148–149 extraterrestrial life 297 extreme environments 38 horizontal gene transfer 197– 198 metabolic types 37–38, 38t mutualistic 82–83 photosynthesis 313 respiration 350, 351 sexual reproduction 369 shapes of 37 symbiogenesis 38–39, 388–390 bacteriorhodopsin 313 balanced pathogenicity 82, 181 balanced polymorphism 39–40, 323 Baldauf, S. L. 149 Baldwin effect 173 baleen 415 balloon vines 222, 285 Baltimore, David 214 Banks, Joseph 47 Barnosky, Anthony 318 Barrington Crater (Arizona) 28, 29 Barton, Joe 359 Bartram, John 159, 249 Bartram, William 159 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) 55 Basilosaurus 416 bat (Myotis lucifugus) 375 Bateman, A. J. 342 Index 441 Bateman gradient 342, 343 Bateman principle 342 Bates, Henry Walter 40, 413 Batesian mimicry 40, 274 Bateson, William 277 Bates Smith, Thomas 286 battle of the sexes 342 bdelloid rotifers 371 Beadle, George 270 beads 103, 194 Beagle, HMS 110, 163 beak size. See also Darwin’s finches black-bellied seedcracker 285– 286 beauty in evolution 434 in scientific method 360 Bedout Crater (Australia) 311 Beecher, Henry Ward 178 Beer, Gavin de 292 behavior, evolution of 40–44 altruism 15–19 environment and 45–46 evolutionary ethics 152–153, 156 fitness advantages 44 genes and 41–42, 45–47, 136 imprinting 43 intermediate steps 43–44 learning 42–43 Origin of Species (Darwin) 427–428 sociobiology 382–384 stimuli and 41 Behe, Michael 214–217 Belding’s ground squirrels 16 bennetitalean plants (Bennetitales) 21, 182 Benton, Michael 310, 311, 399, 400 Bergey’s Manual 49 Bergson, Henri 327, 395 Bernal, J. D. 301 Berzelius, Jöns 300 ß chains 129 bias 357 Bible 7–8, 95, 97 Bickerton, Derek 233 big bang theory 405–406 bilaterally symmetrical animals 219–220 Binet, Alfred 146 binomial nomenclature 247 bio-archaeology 131
442 Index biochemist Miller, Stanley 272–273 biodiversity 44, 46–50, 48 adaptive radiation 4 estimated number of species 48–50, 48t mass extinctions and 46–47, 48t, 262 Wallace, Alfred Russel 413– 415 Wilson, Edward O. 416–418 biogenesis 357 biogeographic realms 50, 51m biogeography 50–54 ice ages 54 islands 53–54 Origin of Species (Darwin) 430–432 realms 50, 51m vicariance and dispersal 51–53 Wallace, Alfred Russel 413, 414, 415 Wilson, Edward O. 416–418 bioinformatics 55 biological controls 218 biological species concept 50, 263, 318, 384 biologist. See also evolutionary biologists Cuvier, Georges 105–106 biology 55–59 areas of study 57–58 autecological context 57 cells and tissues 57 chemistry of life 57 diversity 58 inheritance patterns 58 organs 57–58 populations and evolution 58 sexual reproduction 58 synecological context 58 assumptions of 56–57 evolution and 55–56 life, definition of 56 “nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” (Dobzhansky) 56, 137, 437 subdisciplines 55t The Biology of Ultimate Concern (Dobzhansky) 137 bioluminescence 92 biophilia 59, 416, 417 Biophilia (Wilson) 417 biotechnology 27 bipedalism 59–60 australopithecines 31, 32– 33.187 and brain size 211 Laetoli footprints 33 birds, evolution of 60–63. See also Darwin’s finches convergence 62–63, 92 DNA 129 feathers 3, 25, 25–26, 60, 354, 374–375 flight 26, 60–61, 91, 91, 124, 425–426 flightless 410, 426 fossils 25, 25–26, 61, 63 Mayr, Ernst 263 modern characteristics 61 parental behavior 42, 43 singing behaviors 41, 42–43, 56, 231–232 tooth genes 228, 328–229 bivalve mollusks 220 Black, Davidson 188 black-bellied seedcracker 285–286 Black Hills (South Dakota) 126, 126, 403, 403 BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) 55 blending inheritance 267, 268, 277 blind cave fishes 410 blind experiments/studies 357 The Blind Watchmaker (Dawkins) 117 Blombos Cave ochre stone 187, 195 blood clotting genes 215 blood protein groups 320 blood type proteins 40, 80 blue-footed booby 42, 43 blue tit (Parus caeruleus) 173 Blumenback, J. F. 194, 195 Boaz, Noel 188 bodily ornaments/decoration antlers 375 Cro-Magnon 103 feathers 374–375 Homo sapiens 194 Bodo skull 194 body size 13–15, 14, 164 body temperature 14 bois-d’arcs 81 bonobo (Pan paniscus) 326 bony fishes 162 Bossert, William H. 417 botanists DeVries, Hugo 121–122 Gray, Asa 177–179 Hooker, Joseph Dalton 196– 197 Linnaeus, Carolus (Linné, Karl von) 249–250 Stebbins, G. Ledyard 388 bottlenecks 160, 168, 196 Bouchard, Thomas J., Jr. 45, 210 Boyd, Christin 285 Boyle, Robert 1 brachiation 325 brachiopods 220, 311 Bradshaw, H. D. 221, 333, 386 brain. See also brain size emergent properties of 143– 144 genes and 46, 47 religion and 338 Brain, C. K. 32 brain size body size and 15 evolution of increases in 211 Flores Island people 164–165 Homo ergaster 190 Homo habilis 187, 191 intelligence and 93, 209–210, 211 language and 232 learning and 43 Neandertals 288 punctuated evolution of 330– 331 race and 196 Brassica (mustard) 203, 204, 204 breast cancer 243, 246 Brewster, David 70 Briggs, Derek 65 bristlecone pine (Pinus longeava) 243 Broca’s area 174, 210, 232 Bronze Age 394, 394t Broom, Robert 107 Brown, William 71 Brownlee, David 262, 297, 299 brow ridges (supraorbital processes) 288, 292 Brunet, Michel 31
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
Page 410: of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
Page 413 and 414: technology Technological and Cultur
Page 415 and 416: thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
Page 417 and 418: thermodynamics return to their orig
Page 419 and 420: 00 Triassic period more resulting l
Page 422 and 423: unconformity An unconformity is a g
Page 424 and 425: sissippi River is getting shorter e
Page 426: ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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