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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii Entries A–Z 1 Feature Essays: “How Much Do Genes Control Human Behavior?” 45 “What Are the ‘Ghosts of Evolution’?” 80 “Can an Evolutionary Scientist Be Religious?” 154 “Why Do Humans Die?” 244 “Are Humans Alone in the Universe?” 297
Appendix: “Darwin’s ‘One Long Argument’: A Summary of Origin of Species” 421 Further Resources 437 Index 439
Page 2: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
Page 5 and 6: Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
Page 10: Foreword The theory and facts of ev
Page 14 and 15: IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
Page 16: other issues coming along with it.
Page 20 and 21: adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
Page 22 and 23: from the allometric patterns of gro
Page 24 and 25: considered as an example. (The taxo
Page 26 and 27: English) were a resounding success,
Page 28 and 29: Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
Page 30 and 31: helps the DNA insert into the host
Page 32 and 33: Even within a single patient, HIV e
Page 34 and 35: then into the insect body; carbon d
Page 36 and 37: chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
Page 38 and 39: genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
Page 40 and 41: emained dormant and sprouted after
Page 42 and 43: Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
Page 44 and 45: Because the DNA of many archaebacte
Page 46 and 47: Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
Page 48 and 49: Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
Page 50 and 51: y a silent wall of darkness advanci
Page 52 and 53: Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
Page 54: Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
Page 57 and 58:
acteria, evolution of Examples of t
Page 59 and 60:
0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
Page 61 and 62:
ehavior, evolution of In another sp
Page 63 and 64:
ig bang make nests with horizontal
Page 65 and 66:
iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
Page 67 and 68:
iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
Page 71 and 72:
iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
Page 73 and 74:
iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
Page 77 and 78:
iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
Page 107 and 108:
continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
Page 115 and 116:
creationism used to justify militar
Page 117 and 118:
creationism • In the early 21st c
Page 119 and 120:
00 Cretaceous period however, other
Page 121 and 122:
0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
Page 139 and 140:
0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
Page 145 and 146:
disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
Page 159 and 160:
0 ecology Second, organisms can con
Page 161 and 162:
Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
Page 163 and 164:
eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
Page 169 and 170:
0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
Page 173 and 174:
evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
Page 175 and 176:
evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
Page 177 and 178:
evolutionary medicine variable in t
Page 179 and 180:
0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
Page 181 and 182:
fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
Page 183 and 184:
Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
Page 187 and 188:
founder effect Further Reading Fort
Page 189 and 190:
0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
Page 191 and 192:
Galton, Francis constituted a premi
Page 193 and 194:
gene pool Cocos Island is too small
Page 195 and 196:
Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
Page 197 and 198:
Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
Page 199 and 200:
0 group selection used the carbon t
Page 201 and 202:
gymnosperms, evolution of began per
Page 204 and 205:
Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
Page 206 and 207:
The initial divergence between homi
Page 208 and 209:
Although Homo ergaster, the presume
Page 210 and 211:
tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
Page 216 and 217:
win, Hooker could not pay his own w
Page 218 and 219:
gene transfer from a bacterium, per
Page 220 and 221:
to evolutionary science. He also ap
Page 222 and 223:
Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
Page 224 and 225:
ice ages The term ice ages usually
Page 226 and 227:
America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
Page 232 and 233:
This does not mean that all of the
Page 234 and 235:
e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
Page 236 and 237:
Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
Page 240 and 241:
would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
Page 244 and 245:
isotopes When evaporation from the
Page 246:
Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
Page 249 and 250:
0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
Page 251 and 252:
language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
Page 255 and 256:
Lascaux caves Some of the original
Page 257 and 258:
Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
Page 259 and 260:
0 life history, evolution of it inv
Page 261 and 262:
life history, evolution of is: sele
Page 263 and 264:
life history, evolution of Why Do H
Page 265 and 266:
life history, evolution of Why Do H
Page 267 and 268:
Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
Page 273 and 274:
Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
Page 275 and 276:
mammals, evolution of the reptilian
Page 277 and 278:
markers another precocious and crea
Page 279 and 280:
0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
Page 281 and 282:
Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
Page 283 and 284:
meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
Page 295 and 296:
mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
Page 297 and 298:
molecular clock these scientists di
Page 299 and 300:
0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
Page 303 and 304:
natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
Page 307 and 308:
Neandertals different species of hu
Page 309 and 310:
0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
Page 311 and 312:
new synthesis In contrast to progen
Page 313 and 314:
noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
Page 317 and 318:
origin of life Are Humans Alone in
Page 319 and 320:
00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
Page 323 and 324:
0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
Page 327 and 328:
0 peppered moths There remained som
Page 329 and 330:
0 Permian extinction produced in la
Page 331 and 332:
Permian period upon the exploitatio
Page 333 and 334:
Piltdown man found in slightly diff
Page 335 and 336:
plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
Page 337 and 338:
population Percent of Mammal Genera
Page 339 and 340:
0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
Page 341 and 342:
population genetics If allele A is
Page 343 and 344:
Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
Page 347 and 348:
promoter Each chromosome contains t
Page 349 and 350:
0 punctuated equilibria and persist
Page 351 and 352:
punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
Page 353 and 354:
Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
Page 357 and 358:
eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
Page 359 and 360:
0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
Page 361 and 362:
eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
Page 365 and 366:
eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
Page 367 and 368:
esistance, evolution of ineffective
Page 369 and 370:
0 respiration, evolution of There i
Page 372 and 373:
Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
Page 376 and 377:
The testing of hypotheses accumulat
Page 378 and 379:
the results are sufficiently intere
Page 380 and 381:
een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
Page 382 and 383:
Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
Page 384 and 385:
and others form more complex struct
Page 386 and 387:
endonuclease gene is then used as a
Page 388 and 389:
e able to do the same thing. Second
Page 390 and 391:
mosomes come in groups of five rath
Page 392 and 393:
eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
Page 394 and 395:
one, free of parasites, is likely t
Page 396 and 397:
nesses of resource acquisition and
Page 398 and 399:
Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
Page 400 and 401:
and it is not happening extensively
Page 402 and 403:
this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
Page 406 and 407:
Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
Page 408 and 409:
comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
Page 410:
of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
Page 413 and 414:
technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
Page 417 and 418:
thermodynamics return to their orig
Page 419 and 420:
00 Triassic period more resulting l
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unconformity An unconformity is a g
Page 424 and 425:
sissippi River is getting shorter e
Page 426:
ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
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0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433:
Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
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genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437:
that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439:
Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441:
Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443:
the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445:
Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447:
ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449:
chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451:
out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453:
languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454:
My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459:
Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461:
asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463:
Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465:
ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467:
divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469:
extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471:
Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473:
Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475:
Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477:
Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479:
ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481:
polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483:
Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485:
spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487:
useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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