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Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86, 101, 295 Goodall, Jane 175–176 Goosen, Hendrick 162 Gopick, Myrna 233 gorillas 326 Goss, John 267 Gould, John 113 Gould, Stephen Jay 176–177 adaptations 280 age of Earth 7 bacteria 38 Burgess shale 66 concept of progress 327 Eldredge, Niles, and 142 evolution as bush instead of ladder 93 human evolutionary story 34 intelligence 209 Lewontin, Richard 239 and Origin of Species (Darwin) 421 Panglossian paradigm 3 Piltdown hoax 315 punctuated equilibria 253, 254, 329 religion and science 155 scientific method 355, 361 sociobiology 383 species selection 181 species sorting 254 Wallace, Alfred Russel 415 Wilson, Edward O. 417, 418 government and science 252, 359–360 grackles 173 gradualism micro- v. macroevolution 253 modern synthesis and 277–278 v. punctuated equilibria 176, 329, 332 as tenet of evolution 151 uniformitarianism 404 grains 9, 27, 160, 252 grandmother hypothesis 243 Grant, Madison 146 Grant, Peter and Rosemary 114– 116, 222, 309, 386 grasping 324 grass/grasslands 199, 208, 218, 314, 395–396 Graves, William 125 Gray, Asa 95, 112, 177–179 great apes 325–326 Great Chain of Being 247, 354 Greece, Petralona skull 192 green algae (Chlorophyta) 365 greenhouse effect 179–180 Bush, George W. 359 Gaia hypothesis 170 ice ages 207, 208 origin of life 300 Snowball Earth 380, 381 Greenland Isua formation 224 Sirius Passet deposit 64 Grenfell, Bryan 158 Griffith, Frederick 132 Grime, Philip 240 group selection 180–182, 285 The Growth of Biological Thought (Mayr) 421 guanine (G) 132, 133 guevedoche 323 guilt 153 Gulf Stream 207 guppies 286 Guyot, Arnold Henry 95 gymnosperms 182–183, 340 and angiosperm evolution 21 Carboniferous period 69 coevolution with pollinators 78–79 Cretaceous period 101 Gypsies 235 H Hadean Eon (era) 174, 324 Hadzane language (Tanzania) 234 Haeckel, Ernst 146, 185, 336, 337 Haig, David 367 hair 292 hairlessness 377 Haldane, J. B. S. 185–186 aging 245 altruism 16, 186 Maynard Smith, John, and 263 origin of life 273, 300 Haldane, John Scott 185–186 half-lives 335, 335t Hallucigenia sparsa 65, 66 hallucinations 339 halophiles 24 Hamer, Dean 45, 46 Hamilton, Richard 345 Index 451 Hamilton, William D. 16, 372, 374 Hamilton’s rule 16, 17 handedness of biological molecules 301 handicap principle 374 haplodiploidy 16–17 haploid cells 264, 269, 365, 369 haplotypes 259 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 322, 322–323 Harlan, R. 416 Harland, Brian 380 Harlé, Édouard 103 harpoon point 194 Harvard University Gould, Stephen Jay 177 Wilson, Edward O. 417 Hasselquist, Frederik 249 Hawaii adaptive radiation 6 biogeography 53 extinctions 160 hot spot 317 invasive species 217, 218 isolating mechanisms 221, 222 Hawaiian goose (nene, Nesochen sandiviensis) 160 Hawkes, Kristin 243 hay fever 159 hazel alder (Alnus serrulata) 125– 126 heat, diffusion of 397 hedge-apples (Maclura pomifera) 81 hedgehog gene 120 heights, fear of 382 Helianthus hybrids 204 Hellwald, Friedrich von 146 Hemings, Sally 259 hemoglobin 39, 129, 129t, 136 hemophilia 271 Hemphillian extinction 262 herbicides 347, 348–350 herbivores 77, 211 Hereditary Genius (Galton) 173 heritability 132, 283, 321. See also inheritance of acquired characteristics hermaphroditic flowers 341, 368 Herrerasaurus 123 Hershey, Alfred 132 HERVs (human endogenous retroviruses) 293 Hess, Harry 86
452 Index Heterocephalus glaber (naked mole rats) 344 heterochrony 291 heterozygous individuals 268–269, 372 Hibiscus moscheutos 378 Hillis, Daniel 76 Histoire Naturelle (Natural History, Buffon) 64 Hitler, Adolf 147 HIV. See AIDS, evolution of Hoffman, Paul 380 Holland, John 151–152 Hölldobler, Bert 416 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 146 Holocene epoch 205 homeobox 118 homeoplasies. See convergences homeothermy 14, 255 homeotic genes 118–120 homing endonucleases 367 hominids 186 hominins 186–188 australopithecines 31–35 bipedalism 59–60 ice ages and 208–209 missing links 275, 275–276, 276, 277t primates 326 Homo antecessor 192 Homo erectus 188–189 Dubois, Eugène 137–138 equal rights and 22 hominins 187 and H. sapiens 194 intelligence 213 missing links 275–276 skull 164 unique features of 187 Homo ergaster 189, 189–191 hominins 187 ice ages and 208–209 Leaky, Richard 238, 238 as missing link 275 Homo floresiensis (Flores Island people) 53, 163–165, 164, 187 Homo habilis 191, 191–192, 238 evolutionary innovations of 187 and Flores Island people 165 ice ages and 208–209 Leakey, Louis 237 Leakey, Mary 237 as missing link 275 tools 187, 191–192, 192, 393 Homo heidelbergensis 192–193, 193t hominins 187 as missing link 275–276, 277t and Neandertals 130, 187, 192–193 tools 193, 393 homologous chromosomes (homologs) 264–265 homologous traits 73 homology, in Origin of Species (Darwin) 433 Homo neanderthalensis. See Neandertals Homo rudolfensis 191, 238, 238 Homo sapiens 186, 194–196 art 187, 194, 195 brain size and childbirth 241– 242 commensalistic microorganisms 79 Cro-Magnon. See Cro-Magnon Descent of Man, Darwin 117– 118 emergent properties of groups 144 H. heidelbergensis and 193, 193t ice ages and 208–209 Neandertals and 289, 290, 338 and Pleistocene extinction 317–318 primates 326 races. See races religion, evolution of 338–339 skull 164 tools 393–394 homosexual behavior 345 homozygous dominant individuals 372 homozygous individuals 268 homozygous recessive individuals 372 honesty 153, 360 honeybee (Apis mellifera) dominant female reproductive system 91, 344, 345 foraging behavior 42, 43–44 invasive species 217, 218 kin selection 16–17 Origin of Species (Darwin) 428 honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) 81 Hooker, Joseph Dalton 196–197 Hooker, William 196, 197 hopeful monster theory 330 Hopkinson, Francis 22 horizontal gene transfer 197–199 complexity of, and intelligent design theory 215 horses, evolution of 199 DNA 129 Huxley, Thomas Henry 201 toes, vestigal characteristics 410 horseshoe crabs 251 horsetails 364–365, 365 hot spots 317 “How Much Do Genes Control Human Behavior?” (essay) 45–47 Hox genes 20, 118, 119t, 120 Hoyle, Fred 298, 360, 361, 405– 406 H (hemagglutinin) protein 157–158 Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer 345 Hubble, Edwin 405 Hubble constant 405 Hubble telescope 405, 406 Hubby, J. L. 239, 321 Huey, Raymond 309 human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) 293 Human Genome Project 271 human quadrupeds 60 humans. See also entries beginning with Homo; hominins; races chin evolution 3, 292 effect on biogeographical patterns 54 neoteny 292 parent-offspring conflict 242 population growth 181–182 progress, concept of 326–327 sexual selection 376–377 universal behaviors 382–383 “Why Do Humans Die?” (essay) 244–246 Hume, David 356 hummingbirds 78–79, 89–90, 92, 333, 342 hunter-gatherers 9 hunting 377 Hut, Piet 262 Hutton, James 7, 199–200, 404 Huxley, Aldous 292
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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Page 422 and 423: unconformity An unconformity is a g
Page 424 and 425: sissippi River is getting shorter e
Page 426: ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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