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polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John 156 Pollan, Michael 27 pollen 167, 182, 309–310, 340– 342 pollen tubes 378 pollination coevolution of flowering plants and pollinators 78–79, 342 convergences 89–90 as isolating mechanism 221– 222 quantitative trait loci 333 sexual selection and 377–378 wind 78 pollination mimicry 273 pollution 306, 306–308 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 261 polygamy 344 polygenic traits 269 polymorphism 39–40, 320, 323 polyploidy 135, 266 Popper, Karl 356 population genetics 320–324, 320t balanced polymorphism 39–40, 323 changes in 322, 322–323 Fisher, R. A. 161 inbreeding 323 isolating mechanisms 220–224 measuring genetic variability 321–322 Origin of Species (Darwin) 422–423 speciation 384 variability in 320–321, 323 populations 318–320 diversity in 318–319 founder effect 168 growth of 319 human overpopulation 181– 182 limiting factors 319 Malthus, Thomas 254 natural selection and 282–283 optimal size, individual v. group selection and 181 small v. large, and speciation 331 synecology 140 v. typological thinking 150 Populus deltoides (cottonwood) 340, 340, 377 Porifera (sponge) 219 positive eugenics 145 postzygotic isolating mechanisms 223–224 potassium-argon dating 335 potential energy 396 prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) 47 preadaptations 3 Precambrian time 174–175, 324 Ediacaran organisms 141, 141–142 Snowball Earth 380–381 predation/predators 66, 67–68, 78 preformation 132 pregnancy 158, 367 prehensile tails 325, 427 prezygotic isolating mechanisms 221–223 Price, George McCready 95 primates 129–131, 241t, 324–326. See also specific primates primatologist Goodall, Jane 175–176 A Primer of Population Biology (Wilson, Bossert) 417 Principles of Geology (Lyell) 110, 250 process, uniformity of 404 processed pseudogenes 293 Prochoerodes tranversata (maple spanworm moth) 273 Proconsul africanus 237 progenesis 291 progress, concept of 326–327, 430 prokaryotes 24, 37, 148, 418–419 promiscuity 344 promoters 134, 327–329 prophase 264 prosimians 324, 325, 326 protandrous flowers 341 proteins co-opted 328 gene determination of 134 measuring variability of 321 mutations 279–280 substitutability of 214–215 Proterozoic Eon (era) 175, 324 Proteus (tiger salamander) 291 protists 149, 218–219, 249 Index 461 Protoavis 61 protogynous flowers 341 protostomes 220 pseudogenes 127–128, 129–130, 129t, 293, 409, 410 psychology, evolutionary 172–173, 383, 417 Pteridinium 141 pteridophytes 364–366 Puereria montana (kudzu vine) 218 Pulitzer Prize Wilson, Edward O. 416, 418 punctuated equilibria 329, 329–332 Eldredge, Niles, and 142, 253 Gould, Stephen Jay 176, 253 v. gradualism 176, 329, 332 modern synthesis 277–278 puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris) 90, 90 Punnett, Reginald 147 Purgatorius 326 pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus, bonobo) 326 Q quadrupeds, human 60 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) 333 Quaternary period 70, 333–334 ice ages 205–209 Quercus (oak) adaptive radiation 5m, 5–6 biogeography of 51–52, 52t hybridization 202–203, 203 ice ages and dispersal of 208 R races Blumenback, J. F. 195 brain size and 196 classification of Homo sapiens 194–196 Cuvier, Georges 106 Descent of Man (Darwin) 117, 118, 196 DNA 196 Dobzhansky, Theodosius 137 eugenics 144–148 Galton, Francis (eugenics) 172–173 Huxley, Julian S. 200
462 Index races (continued) Linnaeus, Carolus 194, 195 Tiedemann, Friedrich 195 radially symmetrical animals 219 radiant energy 396 radiation, mutations and 245 radioactive decay 335 radiocarbon dating 336 radiometric dating 335–336, 335t Rafflesia 198 Raphanus sativus 204 Rare Earth hypothesis 298 rate, uniformity of 404 rats 347, 348, 349 Rattlesnake, HMS 201 Raup, David 28, 261, 262 ray-finned fishes 162 rbc gene 148 reannealing DNA 128 recapitulation 185, 336–337 recessive genes 372 reciprocal altruism 17–18 recombinational load 371 Redi, Francesco 357 red-necked phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) 376 red queen hypothesis 337–338 redshift 405 Rees, Martin 23, 406, 407 regression 172–173 Reich, Robert 388 Reinventing Darwin (Eldredge) 142 relictual population 125 religion evolution of 102–103, 289, 338–339 evolution of ethics 153 science and 154–156, 178–179, 201 scientific method and 355 Religion without Revelation (Julian Huxley) 200 remnant magnetism 305 repeated segments 293 reproduction. See also reproductive systems; sex, evolution of; sexual selection life span and 242–243, 285 meiosis 264–266, 265 menopause 243, 246 and natural selection 282–285 as part of life history 240–242 population growth 319 populations 319 resistance and 347 reproductive isolation 220–224, 384–385 reproductive systems 339–346 animals 342–345 concealed ovulation 345 homosexual behavior 345 male and female sexes 342–343 male brooding 345 monogamy 343–344, 343t, 345 polygamy 344 plants 340, 340–342, 341 sex ratios 345 reptiles See also dinosaurs bird evolution 26, 61 cladistics and 75 evolution of 346 mammals and 255, 255–256 Permian period 312 resistance antibiotics 158, 197–198, 347–348 artificial selection and 27 balanced polymorphism 39–40, 323 evolution of 346–350 HIV and 12–13 insects 346–347, 348–350 natural selection of 347 weeds 347, 348–350 resources allocation of 239–240 limited 282, 283 population growth and 319 specialization 222–223 respiration, evolution of 350–351 retrosequences 293 retrotransposons 293 retroviruses 10–11, 293 reversal of magnetic fields 305 reverse transcriptase 10–11, 293 Reznick, David 286 RFW (roundish flat worm) 129 Rhagoletis pomonella 222 Rhea americana 376 rhinoceros 167, 167 Rhoads, Allen 129 Rhodesian man (Zambia) 275 rhyniophytes 365 ribose 300 ribosomal RNA 419 ribosomes 134, 302, 389 ribozymes 302 Rice, Stanley 125, 377 Richards, Jay W. 214 Ridley, Matt 40 Rieseberg, Loren 386 Riftia pachyptila 83 right-handed nucleic acids 301 rights 22–23 Rimmer, Harry 95 ring species 386 RNA polymerase 328 RNA viruses 10–11, 132, 301–302 RNA world 302 Rocks of Ages (Gould) 177 Rocky Mountains 54, 64 rodents 47, 356 Rodhocetus 416 Rodinia 86 Rogers, J. J. W. 86 Roosevelt, Teddy 145 rubisco 313, 314 Ruse, Michael 154 Rushdoony, Rousas 98 Russia. See also Soviet Union Nicholas II 258 Permo-Triassic deposits 309 Rutherford, Ernest 229 S Sachs, Joel 390–391 Sagan, Carl 258, 353–354 Sagan, Dorian 373, 388 sagittal crests 34, 34 Sahelanthropus tchadensis 31, 31 Sakai, Ann 221 salamanders 19–20, 291, 375 Salinas (Dominican Republic) 323 Salmonella 348 Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever) 39–40 saltation model 330 Sambia tribe (Papua New Guinea) 323 sandbur grass (Cenchrus) 90, 90 San Francisco Mountains (Arizona) 54
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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00 Triassic period more resulting l
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unconformity An unconformity is a g
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sissippi River is getting shorter e
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ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
Page 429 and 430: 0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 482 and 483: Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margar
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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