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Sanger, Frederick 55 Sanger, Margaret 145 San language 234 Santa Fe Institute (New Mexico) 144 Sargent, Theodore 308 Sasai, Y. 120 saurischians (lizard-hipped dinosaurs) 123 sauropods 122, 124 Sauroposeidon proteles 122 Sautuola, Marcelino Sanz de 103 SCA (sickle-cell anemia) 39, 279 scala naturae 247, 354 Scalesia (daisy trees) 172 Schaaffhausen, Hermann 288 Schemske, Douglas 221, 333, 386 Schiedea salicaria 221 Schimper, Karl 205 Schluter, Dolph 71, 116 Schopf, J. William 296 Schrader, James 125 Schrag, Daniel 380 Schrödinger, Erwin 156 science. See also scientific method and government 252, 359–360 and religion 154–156, 178– 179, 201 The Science of Life (Wells, Huxley) 200 scientific method 354–361, 355 beauty in 360 commentary 360–361 community of science 358–359 correlation v. causation 358 ethical issues 359 experimentation 357–358 external validity 358 honesty 360 hypothesis testing 4, 355–356, 356 measurable phenomena 358 null hypotheses 357 physical causation and occurrences 355 political influence 359–360 repeatable occurrences 355 Sagan, Carl 353 Simpson, George Gaylord 379 statistics 148, 161, 172–173, 357, 419 theories 356–357 Type I errors 357 Type II errors 357 Woese, Carl 419 scientific revolution 356 Scleroderma immigrans (wasp) 373 Scobell, Summer 342 Scopes, John T. 361, 363–364 Scopes Trial 361–364 scr gene 118, 119t sea anemones 219 sea horses 345, 376 sea pens 142 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) 297 Searcy, K. B. 378 seaside alder (Alnus maritima) 125–126 sea urchins 220 secondary compounds (chemical defenses) 77 Second Law of Thermodynamics 397–398 sedimentary rocks 165, 380, 403, 403–404 sediments 165–166 seedless plants 69, 364–366, 365 seed plants. See angiosperms; gymnosperms seed predators 78 seeds extinct animal dispersers 80–81 grain cultivation 9 gymnosperms 182 hybridization 203 mast seeding 78 size, as adaptation 4 stratification of 252 segmented worms 220 Seilacher, Dolf 142 self-incompatible flowers 341 selfish centromeres 368 The Selfish Gene (Dawkins) 116 selfish genetic elements 366–369 self-sacrifice See altruism semen, sexual selection and 375 senescence (aging) 243, 244–246 Senut, Brigitte 31 sepals 20 Sepkowki, J. J. 262 sequencing DNA 128 Index 463 Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia) 243 Serial Endosymbiotic Theory 390 SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) 297 Seton, Alexander 267 sex, evolution of 369–373 advantages of sexual reproduction 371–373 bacteria 369 eukaryotes 369 genetic and environmental sex determination 370 Origin of Species (Darwin) 423–424 plants 370 red queen hypothesis 338 sexual reproduction v. asexual propagation 370–371 size of reproductive cells 369– 370 uniqueness of offspring 371 sex chromosomes 128, 258–259, 270, 368, 370 sex-linked traits 270 sex ratios 285, 345 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) 347–348 sexual reproduction 264–266, 265 sexual selection 373–379 competition 375 conspicuous altruism and 18 Descent of Man (Darwin) 117–118 fitness indicators 212–213, 374–375 human evolution and 376–377 intelligence as 212–213, 377 language and 234, 377 male investment in offspring 376 natural selection and 281 Origin of Species (Darwin) 423 in plants 377–378 sexy sons hypothesis 374 shamans 338, 339 shame 152, 153 Shannon, Claude 49 Shannon-Wiener diversity index 49 Shapiro, Robert 301
464 Index Shapley, Harlow 405 shared derived traits (synapomorphies) 73–74 Sharp, Harry 146 Shaw, George Bernard 145 Shedd, William G. T. 95 shells, fossilization of 166 Sheppard, Philip 307 Sherman, Paul 16 Shermer, Michael 18–19, 152, 153 Shoemaker, Gene 404 Shoemaker-Levy 9 29, 29 short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) 293 short segment repeats (microsatellites) 293 Shubin, Neil 19 Siberian Traps 311 sickle-cell anemia (SCA) 39, 279 Siegesbeck, Johann 249 Sierra Nevada alpine tundra 54 Sigmund, Karl 18 sign languages 233 silencing factors 367–368 silicaceous (S-type) asteroids 28 silicon (Si) 296 Sillén-Tullberg, Birgitta 345 Silurian period 365, 379 Sima de los Huesos (Spain) 192 Simberloff, Daniel 417 simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) 11–12 Simpson, George Gaylord 86, 173, 379–380 Simpson’s diversity index 49 SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements) 293 singularities 406 Sinocodon 255 Sinornithosaurus 61 Sinosauropteryx 61 Sirius Passet deposit (Greenland) 64 SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) 11–12 SLI (Specific Language Impairment) 232, 233 slime mold 143 Smith, William 380 Smith Woodward, Arthur 315 snakes 382, 410 Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio 84 Snow, Allison 378 Snowball Earth 86, 380–381 soapberry bug 222, 285 social behavior. See behavior, evolution of Social Darwinism 387–388. See also eugenics social evolution 91, 151 sociobiology 382–384 criticism of 383 eugenics and 147–148 fitness advantage of behaviors 44 intelligence 210 Lewontin, Richard, and 239 universal human behaviors 383 Wilson, Edward O. 416–418 Sociobiology (Wilson) 417 sog gene 120 solar flares 262 solar system See also Earth Copernicus, Nicolaus 93–94 energy in 396 Jupiter 28, 29, 298 Mars 180, 259–261, 260, 298 origin of 407 and origin of life 297–298 Sun 297–298, 407 Solenopsis invicta (fire ant) 217, 416 Solo man 188 somatic cells 242, 266, 279 somatic mutations 320–321 sonic hedgehog (shh) gene 120 S.O.S. response 280 South America agriculture 9–10 Pleistocene extinction 317 Yanomamö (Amazonia) 383 South Dakota Black Hills unconfomity 403, 403 disjunct populations 126, 126 Soviet Union 252. See also Russia Spain Altamira cave 102, 103 Sima de los Huesos 192 Zafarraya Cave 290 spandrels 3 Spartina (pickleweed) 203 spears 193, 289, 393 speciation 384–387, 386t allopatric 264, 384 Darwin’s finches 115–116 experimental 385–386 hybridization 385 isolating mechanisms 220–224, 384 in large v. small populations 331 micro- and macroevolution 253–254 parapatric 385 peripatric 385 punctuated equilibria 329, 329–332 reconstruction of 386 sympatric 385–386 in the wild 386, 386m, 386t species biological species concept 50, 263, 318, 384 definition of 50, 422 disjunct species 124–126, 126 distinguishing 384 estimated number of 48–50, 48t hybridization 202–204, 202t invasive 217–218 in Linnaean system 247 phylogenetic species concept 384 synecology 140 species selection 181 species sorting 181, 254, 331, 373 Specific Language Impairment (SLI) 232 specific mate recognition systems 224, 384 Spencer, Herbert 111, 387–388 sperm 264, 265, 265, 266, 279, 370, 374 spicules 219 spiders, fear of 382 spines and thorns 90, 90 spiracles 14–15 spirilla 37 spiritualism 415 spirochete bacteria 389–390 spirochetes 37 sponges 143, 219 spontaneous chromosome doubling 203–204, 223, 385
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
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Encyclopedia of Evolution Copyright
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Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgment
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Foreword The theory and facts of ev
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IntroduCtIon What you do not know a
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other issues coming along with it.
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adaptation Adaptation is the fit of
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from the allometric patterns of gro
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considered as an example. (The taxo
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English) were a resounding success,
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Some Centers of the Evolution of Ag
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helps the DNA insert into the host
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Even within a single patient, HIV e
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then into the insect body; carbon d
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chromosomes (they are diploid) whil
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genetic basis. About 35,000 years a
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emained dormant and sprouted after
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Further Reading Wise, Steven M. Rat
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Because the DNA of many archaebacte
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Koi and goldfish have been bred tha
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Barringer Crater, Arizona, was form
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y a silent wall of darkness advanci
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Skeleton of “Lucy,” the Austral
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Further Reading Alemseged, Zerxenay
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acteria, evolution of Examples of t
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0 Bates, Henry Walter advantage. Th
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ehavior, evolution of In another sp
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ig bang make nests with horizontal
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iodiversity How Much Do Genes Contr
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iodiversity Biodiversity (as indica
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0 biogeography Another problem with
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iogeography Biogeography of Selecte
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iogeography their species through d
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iology design) or adaptation to the
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iology D. Response to environment.
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0 birds, evolution of • The foot.
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irds, evolution of • doves and pi
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Burgess shale early career. By heat
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Burgess shale jointed legs, Anomalo
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Cambrian period occurred when anima
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0 Cenozoic era opens the way to an
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Chicxulub Pritchard, J., and Dolph
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cladistics The above examples used
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coevolution descent, and that scien
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coevolution Coevolution of Organism
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0 coevolution What Are the “Ghost
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coevolution What Are the “Ghosts
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commensalism Wilson, Michael. Micro
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continental drift was an animal tha
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continental drift During geological
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0 convergence bee-pollinated flower
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convergence Both birds and bats hav
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creationism explained these observa
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creationism used to justify militar
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creationism • In the early 21st c
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00 Cretaceous period however, other
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0 Cro-Magnon evolution had occurred
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0 Cro-Magnon areas, perforated shel
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0 Cuvier, Georges Cuvier held stron
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0 Darwin Awards Darwin Awards “Th
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0 Darwin, Charles forever. It would
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Darwin, Charles and animals did hav
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Darwin’s finches has its own uniq
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Dawkins, Richard ate the pulp. More
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developmental evolution Part II. In
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0 Devonian period gene from an inve
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dinosaurs what DeVries thought were
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diseases, evolution of • Thyreoph
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disjunct species have happened? Som
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DNA (evidence for evolution) genes,
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0 DNA (evidence for evolution) seco
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DNA (raw material of evolution) DNA
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DNA (raw material of evolution) The
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Dobzhansky, Theodosius Mice have tw
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duplication, gene prominent brow ri
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0 ecology Second, organisms can con
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Eldredge, Niles they possess no str
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eugenics grieving, or experiencing
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eugenics because government officia
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eukaryotes, evolution of of the sor
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0 Eve, mitochondrial within cells,
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evolutionary ethics the ability to
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evolutionary ethics Can an Evolutio
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evolutionary medicine Can an Evolut
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evolutionary medicine variable in t
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0 extinction past (a genetic bottle
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fishes, evolution of his obvious vi
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Flores Island people Christopher St
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fossils and fossilization The grain
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founder effect Further Reading Fort
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0 Gaia hypothesis nitrogen oxide (N
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Galton, Francis constituted a premi
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gene pool Cocos Island is too small
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Gould, Stephen Jay animals, and the
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Gray, Asa he had long accepted Lyel
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0 group selection used the carbon t
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gymnosperms, evolution of began per
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Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) German E
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The initial divergence between homi
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Although Homo ergaster, the presume
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tions were spreading through Africa
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Selected Examples of Homo heidelber
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sunlight of tropical regions, and t
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win, Hooker could not pay his own w
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gene transfer from a bacterium, per
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to evolutionary science. He also ap
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Examples of Intergeneric Crosses Re
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ice ages The term ice ages usually
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America had not been connected sinc
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migrated into Europe and displaced
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ence their intelligence. There is a
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This does not mean that all of the
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e exactly the right ones. Bovine in
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Van Till, Howard J. “E. coli at t
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food particles with whiplike struct
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would readily interbreed and produc
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ased, to eat small plankton near th
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isotopes When evaporation from the
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Java man See Homo erectus. Johanson
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0 Kenyanthropus chemist Henri Becqu
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language, evolution of is not consi
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language, evolution of Italian, Por
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Lascaux caves Some of the original
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Leakey, Richard Richard Leakey, in
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0 life history, evolution of it inv
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life history, evolution of is: sele
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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life history, evolution of Why Do H
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Linnaean system The tree of life us
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0 living fossils admired. The genus
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Lysenkoism about evolution. When Da
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Malthus, Thomas intelligent design)
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mammals, evolution of the reptilian
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markers another precocious and crea
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0 Mars, life on • The spacecraft
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Maynard Smith, John producing a 200
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meiosis Zoology. He became director
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Mendel, Gregor of the fertilized eg
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Mendelian genetics an American gene
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0 Mendelian genetics the environmen
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microevolution Stanley Miller did o
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missing links Batesian mimicry. Nam
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mitochondrial DNA Hominin skulls ha
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molecular clock these scientists di
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0 mutualism function of the protein
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natural selection Fact 1. Populatio
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natural selection Three types of na
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natural theology different kinds of
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Neandertals different species of hu
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0 Neolithic Neandertals lived short
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new synthesis In contrast to progen
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noncoding DNA Some regulatory molec
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origin of life they refer to life t
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origin of life Are Humans Alone in
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00 origin of life It is often said
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0 Origin of Species (book) ribose);
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0 Orrorin ———. On the Origin
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0 Paley, William in the Chordata) e
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0 peppered moths There remained som
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0 Permian extinction produced in la
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Permian period upon the exploitatio
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Piltdown man found in slightly diff
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plate tectonics The Earth’s surfa
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population Percent of Mammal Genera
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0 population genetics Vandermeer, J
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population genetics If allele A is
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Precambrian time at least some gene
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progress, concept of arboreal prima
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promoter Each chromosome contains t
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0 punctuated equilibria and persist
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punctuated equilibria Gradualism wa
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Quaternary period epoch of the Quat
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ecapitulation would cause some of t
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eligion, evolution of pathogens nev
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0 reproductive systems Catkins of m
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eproductive systems Scobell has inv
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eproductive systems fact, there is
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eptiles, evolution of Blanckenhorn,
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esistance, evolution of ineffective
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0 respiration, evolution of There i
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Sagan, Carl (1934-1996) American As
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tain features are universally recog
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The testing of hypotheses accumulat
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the results are sufficiently intere
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een wrong: His hypothesis of the co
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Comparison of Inherit the Wind with
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and others form more complex struct
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endonuclease gene is then used as a
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e able to do the same thing. Second
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mosomes come in groups of five rath
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eliminated—that is, if sexual rec
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one, free of parasites, is likely t
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nesses of resource acquisition and
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Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Princip
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and it is not happening extensively
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this, too, is a genetically based u
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monkeyflowers of the genus Mimulus)
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Further Reading Abrahamson, Warren
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comes from the unfertilized egg, ra
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of the bacteriophages. Therefore, h
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technology Technological and Cultur
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thermodynamics • Plants. The flow
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thermodynamics return to their orig
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00 Triassic period more resulting l
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unconformity An unconformity is a g
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sissippi River is getting shorter e
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ago. This was the birth of the Sun.
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0 vestigial characteristics algae.
Page 432 and 433: Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)
Page 434 and 435: genetic inferiority of the lower cl
Page 436 and 437: that point onward he questioned the
Page 438 and 439: Carl R. Woese pioneered the use of
Page 440 and 441: Darwin’s “One LOng argument”:
Page 442 and 443: the young seedlings must compete wi
Page 444 and 445: Traits can reappear after even hund
Page 446 and 447: ated: It has been an advantage in o
Page 448 and 449: chapter 10. On the imperfection of
Page 450 and 451: out in competition with the species
Page 452 and 453: languages. Linguists classify all R
Page 454: My theory has been much maligned. T
Page 458 and 459: Index Note: Boldface page numbers i
Page 460 and 461: asexual propagation 370-371 Ashfall
Page 462 and 463: Bryan, William Jennings creationism
Page 464 and 465: ird evolution 62-63 cladistics 72-7
Page 466 and 467: divergence molecular clock 278-279
Page 468 and 469: extinction 159-160. See also mass e
Page 470 and 471: Gondwana (Gondwanaland) 68, 84, 86,
Page 472 and 473: Huxley, Julian S. 200 eugenics 146
Page 474 and 475: Mendelian genetics and 268 Spencer,
Page 476 and 477: Origin of Species (Darwin) 433-434
Page 478 and 479: ocean currents 179, 207 Oceanian re
Page 480 and 481: polar cells 368 Polkinghorne, John
Page 484 and 485: spores 264, 370 spotted hyena (Croc
Page 486 and 487: useless characteristics 409 Ussher,
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