Mapping the aliran of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship: A ...

is being discussed is epistemically justified, to the discourse, where whatever justification
of knowledge there is, is not based upon epistemology, and back again.
2.5.5.02 An intellectual will tend to operate within the discourse, external to the
discipline, but, bearing in mind that some, but not all, academics are intellectuals and some
intellectuals also have an academic background, an intellectual may also operate on both
sides of the boundary between discourse and the discipline. Epistemology creates the
boundary between discipline and discourse. However, it cannot be claimed that such
boundary is clearly delineated, simply because epistemology is subjective, relative to the
opinion (belief) of the person determining what is considered knowledge.
2.5.5.03 To illustrate this difficulty of clearly delineating boundaries of knowledge using
another elephant analogy.
There are three people on a train going to Chiang Mai. One of them is an economist
and one of them is a logician and one of them is a mathematician. They have just
crossed the border into Chiang Mai province and they see a white elephant standing
in a field from the window of the train (and the elephant is standing parallel to the
train). The economist says, "Look, the elephants in Chiang Mai are white." The
logician says, "No, there are elephants in Chiang Mai of which one, at least, is
white." And the mathematician says, "No. there is at least one elephant in Chiang
Mai, of which one side appears to be white" [With all due respect to the ‘brown
cow in Scotland tale’, from Wikipedia, which this is derived].
The epistemological justification as to the colour of elephants in Chiang Mai is, in this
illustration, relative to the stance taken by each of the participants, as to what they consider
as qualifying as knowledge. Effectively, there could be three different boundaries between
the discourse on, and the fictitious discipline of, elephant studies, as each of the
participants in the illustration has a different reference point for determining the point of
epistemic justification.
2.5.5.04 Foucault [Dreyfus and Rabinow, 1983, p117] refers to a point of
epistemologization that ‘discursive formations’ (what I have taken to be disciplines) need
to succeed in crossing, to be no longer considered a doubtful science or dubious discipline
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