Mapping the aliran of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship: A ...

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4.3.10 Ethnic / immigrant sub-aliran 4.3.10.00 On the ot her hand, when compa red to the gender sub-aliran, the ethnic / immigrant sub-aliran is a comparatively large and active sub-aliran. Maidique’s comment on the ease of study of small businesses together with the ‘apparency’ and ease of identification of ethnic business could be reasons why this domain has attracted much study. 4.3.10.01 I have pos itioned the two sub-aliran of ethnicity / race and immigrancy together into one sub-aliran. The main reason is that, even though they could be considered separate sub-aliran with immigrancy being more related to displacement and race / ethnicity being more related to genetic or cultural issues, the aliran has seemingly bought them together. This is probably a reasonable assumption as most immigrants studied in the sub-aliran have some ethnic association. However, where such an assumption could fail is if the ethnic entrepreneurs being studied are second or third generation immigrants, in which case the issues of displacement are probably not connected to their ethnicity. 4.3.10.02 As can be seen from Graphic 4v, which lists the articles and texts in this sub- aliran, the ethnic / immigrant sub-aliran emerged as part of a sociological discourse or part of the sociological discipline, starting with Light’s [1972] (63) text ‘Ethnic enterprise’. I contend that it became part of the discipline of entrepreneurship with Light and Bonacich’s [1988] (44) text on ‘Immigrant entrepr eneurs’ that foc used on the Korean ethnic migrants in Los Angeles. It could be argued that Light’s [1972] article would qualify for inclusion as one of the original texts in the discipline. However, as pointed out by Desman [1999] in his delightfully entitled article ‘Enterprising persons: The sociopathology of entrepreneurs and professional criminals’, the ‘enterprising person’ may not necessarily fit the profile of a ‘classic’ entrepreneur. Collins and Moore’s [1964] (30) text, ‘The enterprising man’, probably fits into the same typography of not quite being entrepreneurship, but being part of the discourse. Again, the horizontal scale in Graphic 4r helps to delineate the ‘enterprising person’ from the entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial firm. This placement of 202
‘enterprising’ as being more in the discourse suppor ts my contention that the sub-aliran emerged as part of the discipline with Light’s [1988] text. Graphic 4v LIGHT 1972 Sub-aliran on ethnic / immigrants ETHNIC ENTERPRISE AM BONACICH 1973 AM SOCIOL REV, V38 32 LIGHT 1979 BONACICH Modell 1980 LIEBERSON 1980 INT J COMP SOCIOL, V20, EC BASIS ETHNIC SOLI PIECE PIE BLACKS WHI WILSON Portes 1980 AM J SOCIO V86 27 WILSON M artin 1982 AM J SOCIO V88 17 LIGHT 1984 PORTES Bach 1985 WALDINGER 1986 - 1988 ETHNIC RACIAL STUD, V7, LATIN JOURNEY CUBAN EYE NEEDLE IMMIGRANT BORJAS 1986 J HUM RESOUR, V21 28 PORTES 1987 SOCIOL PERSPECT, V30 SANDERS Nee 1987 AM SOCIOL REV, V52 21 LIGHT Bonacich 1988 - 1997 M IN 1988 IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENE ETHNIC BUSINESS ENTE EVANS 1989 AM SOCIOL REV, V54 16 PORTES Jensen 1989 AM SOCIOL REV, V54 16 ZHOU Logan 1989 WALDINGER Aldrich 1990 - 1992 ALDRICH Waldinger 1990 REDDING 1990 BUTLER 1991 AM SOCIOL REV, V54, ETHNIC ENTREPRENEURS ANNU REV SOCIOL, V16 SPIRIT CHINESE CAPIT ENTREPRENEURSHIP SEL 63 19 35 14 30 44 26 13 44 16 16 80 39 17 18 Ethnic enterprise in America: Business and welfare among Chinese, Japanese and Blacks. Theory of middleman minorities Disadvantaged minorities in selfemployment The economic basis of ethnic solidarity; Small business in the Japanese American community A piece of the pie: Blacks and white immigrants since 1880 Immigrant enclaves: An analysis of the labor market experiences of Cubans in Miami. Ethnic enclaves: A comparison of the Cuban and Black economies in Miami. Immigrant and ethnic enterprise in North America Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States Through the eye of the needle: Immigrants and enterprise in New York's garment trades The selfemployment experience of immigrants The social origins of the Cuban enclave econo my of Miami Limits of ethnic solidarity in the enclave econo my Immigrant entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles Ethnic business enterprise: Korean small business in Atlanta Immigrant entrepreneurship; Effects of ethnic market – size and isolated labor pool The enclave and the entrant: Patterns of ethnic enterprise in Miami before and after Mariel. Returns on human capital in ethnic enclaves – New York City Chinatown Ethnic entrepreneurs: Immigrant business in industrial society Ethnicity and entrepreneurship The spirit of Chinese capitalism Entrepreneurship and self-help among black Americans: A 203
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Mapp ing the aliran of the academic
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2.5.2.1 Adolescent angst and acne 8
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Tables of Graphics Table of Graphic
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Attestation of Authorship I hereby
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Gravitas The concept of gravitas im
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Abstract In this study, I consider
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others), this finding should not be
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ehabilitated version of prejudice.
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1.1.1.03 The discipline’s influen
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The suggestion herein is that merel
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Nietzsche it comes to Foucault’s
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introduced in the next section). I
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1.2.03 This structure of this chapt
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1.2.1.07 In this dissertation I am
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1.2.3.01 Taking a n alternative int
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1.3 Positionality 1.3.00 By conduct
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dominate our world” [Rabinow, 199
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1.4 Structure of this dissertation
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arise if the construction of the di
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without any reference to epistemic
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2.1.1.06 The difference between an
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2.1.1.11 Smith [2003], comments tha
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2.1.2.03 Husserl used the term ‘i
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2.1.2.12 However I believe that it
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truth. ….. My problem is roughly
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The division between true and false
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have become a tool used in the exer
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2.1.4.05 Conformity to form is a in
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ejecting or accepting articles for
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Graphic 2c Foucault’s Triangle -
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[Foucault, 1980, p93]. If for some
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2.2.2.03 External to bot h the disc
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Foucault’s eventual reply to Gros
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Graphic 2d Model B - Depicting four
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In short, there is a problem of the
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Graphic 2e Model B - Including effe
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2.3.2.03 In Model B in Graphic 2e t
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While Foucault [2004] does, in The
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2.3.3.10 Given Leibniz’s ideas on
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2.4 Ontologies 2.4.1 Ontologies as
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ontologies, without such a simplist
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of the epistemology followed, e.g.
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thematic conceptualisation, or as p
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Graphic 2i Model H3 - Showing the l
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does discuss the various failings o
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primary power have, a tertiary powe
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2.5. Analysing the Discipline of En
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• being apparent in the perceived
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mass and it would appear that it wa
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Later in 2001, Low suggested the em
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2.5.2.2.06 O’Connor, Cherry and B
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compared with overall trends struct
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for each has also been dependent up
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of clear segregation or differentia
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2.5.3.08 Sciascia and De Vita [2004
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articles that show a predominance o
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structure to the episteme of manage
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Venkataraman (1997) argues that ...
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is being discussed is epistemically
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discourse-objects as discussed in s
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delimitations. Yet Foucault also of
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3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Position Stat
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collection process which provided a
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in ‘horses for courses’ or, to
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work. However, it may be that for a
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Philosophy ….. does not consist i
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could be termed cross or inter-disc
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3.2 Data Collection Processes / Met
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3.2.1.05 However, a closer look at
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Graphic 3a Bar chart of numbers of
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collective 13,000 citations accordi
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chronological sequence. This gave a
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3.2.3.02 b. 3.2.3.04 Graphic 3f is
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e) Some dual or more articles by on
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Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel [1
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Part Four: Empirics 4.1 Interpretat
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4.1.1.02 The first interesting prel
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number of mis-spellings and errors
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Vo lu me: 34 Issue: 1 1956 20. Jour
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4.1.3.02 The top 21 journals listed
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various journals in Graphic 4a, whi
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4.1.4.01 One important piece of val
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Page 240 and 241: 5.3.03 What has fur ther emerged fr
Page 242 and 243: 1995 INNOVATIO N KUHN 1962 - 1996 S
Page 244 and 245: DEVRIES 1977 J MANAGE STUD, V14 JN
Page 246 and 247: COHEN Cohen,West, Aiken 1983 BUS RE
Page 248 and 249: WALDINGER 1986 - 1988 CAPITALIS M E
Page 250 and 251: DOSI 1988 DUBINI 1988 DUNNE Roberts
Page 252 and 253: CHANDLER Takashi 1990 COHEN Leventh
Page 254 and 255: KALLEBERG Leicht 1991 ACAD MANAGE J
Page 256 and 257: HORNSBY JAFFE Naffziger, Kuratko, M
Page 258 and 259: PALICH Bagby 1995 J BUS VENTURING ,
Page 260 and 261: LANE Lyles, Salk 1998 MARKETIN G, V
Page 262 and 263: References Acs, Z. and Audretsch, D
Page 264 and 265: from a process study, Management Sc
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Foss, N., Klein, P., Kor, Y. and Ma
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Hisrich, R. and Peters, M. [1998].
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Light, I. [1972]. Ethnic enterprise
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Mulhall, S. [2005]. Routledge philo
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Senge, P. [1990]. The fifth discipl
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Inc., Indianapolis. Weber, M. [1992
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