Mapping the aliran of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship: A ...

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Part Four: Empirics 4.1 Interpretation – Journals from the episteme 4.1.1 Preliminary observations 4.1.2 Double redundancy in my data collection process 4.1.3 Data collection summary – the 2,161 portal 4.1.4 Suggestions for ontologies 4.2 Searching for the ontology of entrepreneurship 4.2.1 Domains of reality and themes 4.2.2 Trying Mintzberg’s approach 4.2.3 Formal concepts analysis – developing the heffalump 4.3 The 87,060 aliran on entrepreneurship 4.3.1 Pinpointing the emergence 4.3.2 Fro m d iscourse to discipline 4.3.3 Social entrepreneurship – Barth's forgotten branch 4.3.4 Behaviouralism and methodologies 4.3.5 Innovation sub- aliran – a natural development 4.3.6 Ontological commitment and constructions 4.3.6.1 Corporate entrepreneuring sub-aliran 4.3.6.2 New Ventures and Corporate Venturing sub-aliran 4.3.6.3 Ontological Commitment? 4.3.7 Venture capital sub-aliran – where connaissance meets savoir 4.3.8 Organizations, corporations, firms, small businesses or individuals - the question of size and shape of entrepreneurship 4.3.8.1 Organizations and organizational learning sub-aliran 4.3.8.2 Corporations, firms and businesses 4.3.8.3 Small businesses and entrepreneurial firms – the issue of size 4.3.8.4. The self-employed individual 4.3.9 Gender – a minor sub-aliran 4.3.10 Ethnic / immigrant sub-aliran 4.3.11 Strategic entrepreneurship – the new frontier? 4.0 Part Four discusses the empirics of this investigation starting with a discussion on some of the preliminary observations from the phenomenological analys is on the Web of Science database of journals from which I draw my episteme. From this episteme I search for an existing ontology of entrepreneurship and after having tried an approach developed by Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel’s [1998] which they applied to strategic management, found it to be wanting and instead tried to use a Formal Concepts Analysis approach which prod uced a rough outline of an ontology of the discipline, which I have called my heffalump model. I then look to the aliran produced from the 87,060 citations from the episteme to see if this heffalump model is an accurate representation of the discipline. A selection of sub-aliran from the aliran are discussed as ontologies and assessed as to their past or future contributions to the discipline. 138
4.1 Interpretation – Journals from the episteme 4.1.1 Preliminary observations 4.1.2 Double redundancy in my data collection process 4.1.3 Data collection summary – the 2,161 portal 4.1.4 Suggestions for ontologies 4.1.00 Five numbers are significant in the following sections. The total number of journals from the database search in the Web of Science is 627. The number 2,161 is the number of articles that constitutes the episteme; and 87,060 being the aliran which is the total citation references produced by the episteme. From which 789 articles and texts received ten citations or more. Of those articles 476 received more than fourteen citations each. 4.1.01 The following sections firstly look at some of my preliminary observations from the epistemic analysis. I then suggest that, due to a built in double redundancy in my search, the choice of episteme may not be too significant and it is the aliran produced by the episteme that is more significant. Some of the problems faced with my use of Web of Science as the source of the episteme may be ameliorated by the aliran. 4.1.03 I then continue to look at the 2,161 portal in more detail, including a discussion on citations and citation indexing and later try to identify ontologies from this aliran. 4.1.1 Preliminary observations 4.1.1.01 As graphics 3a and 3b indicate, the number of articles in the episteme and in particular the number of citations (even if only to those Web of Science listed journals) has increased markedly over the last 10-15 years. My search prod uced 2,161 articles which as per the above graphic indicate that it is a fairly young episteme but one that appears, based upon Graphic 3a to have grown rapidly, particularly in the last ten years.. The relative recency of the majority of the articles could well support Low’s [2001] content ion that the discipline is still in its adolescence. 139
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Mapp ing the aliran of the academic
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2.5.2.1 Adolescent angst and acne 8
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Tables of Graphics Table of Graphic
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Attestation of Authorship I hereby
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Gravitas The concept of gravitas im
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Abstract In this study, I consider
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others), this finding should not be
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ehabilitated version of prejudice.
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1.1.1.03 The discipline’s influen
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The suggestion herein is that merel
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Nietzsche it comes to Foucault’s
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introduced in the next section). I
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1.2.03 This structure of this chapt
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1.2.1.07 In this dissertation I am
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1.2.3.01 Taking a n alternative int
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1.3 Positionality 1.3.00 By conduct
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dominate our world” [Rabinow, 199
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1.4 Structure of this dissertation
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arise if the construction of the di
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without any reference to epistemic
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2.1.1.06 The difference between an
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2.1.1.11 Smith [2003], comments tha
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2.1.2.03 Husserl used the term ‘i
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2.1.2.12 However I believe that it
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truth. ….. My problem is roughly
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The division between true and false
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have become a tool used in the exer
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2.1.4.05 Conformity to form is a in
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ejecting or accepting articles for
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Graphic 2c Foucault’s Triangle -
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[Foucault, 1980, p93]. If for some
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2.2.2.03 External to bot h the disc
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Foucault’s eventual reply to Gros
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Graphic 2d Model B - Depicting four
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In short, there is a problem of the
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Graphic 2e Model B - Including effe
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2.3.2.03 In Model B in Graphic 2e t
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While Foucault [2004] does, in The
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2.3.3.10 Given Leibniz’s ideas on
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2.4 Ontologies 2.4.1 Ontologies as
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ontologies, without such a simplist
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of the epistemology followed, e.g.
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thematic conceptualisation, or as p
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Graphic 2i Model H3 - Showing the l
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does discuss the various failings o
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primary power have, a tertiary powe
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2.5. Analysing the Discipline of En
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• being apparent in the perceived
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mass and it would appear that it wa
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Later in 2001, Low suggested the em
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governance of venture capital or ga
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limited. Senge’s [1990] (20) text
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narrower orientation of the firm or
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on learning by ‘the firm’ where
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ut also the degree of ‘being entr
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Graphic 4s The small business sub-a
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Graphic 4t LIGHT 1979 BORJAS 1986 R
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4.3.10 Ethnic / immigrant sub-alira
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ZHOU 1992 LIGHT 1995 PORTES 1995 BA
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entrepreneurship is not defined by
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Barney, 2004; Hitt, Ireland, Camp &
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4.3.11.07 The reason that the strat
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individual domains, thus bringing i
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entrepreneur to the firm, while Cha
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• A greater emphasis between new-
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5.1.09 A fascinating aspect of this
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Graphic 5b Three dimensional positi
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study (addressing the introverted a
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the discipline is indeed dubious ma
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5.3.03 What has fur ther emerged fr
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1995 INNOVATIO N KUHN 1962 - 1996 S
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DEVRIES 1977 J MANAGE STUD, V14 JN
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COHEN Cohen,West, Aiken 1983 BUS RE
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WALDINGER 1986 - 1988 CAPITALIS M E
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DOSI 1988 DUBINI 1988 DUNNE Roberts
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CHANDLER Takashi 1990 COHEN Leventh
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KALLEBERG Leicht 1991 ACAD MANAGE J
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HORNSBY JAFFE Naffziger, Kuratko, M
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PALICH Bagby 1995 J BUS VENTURING ,
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LANE Lyles, Salk 1998 MARKETIN G, V
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References Acs, Z. and Audretsch, D
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from a process study, Management Sc
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Foss, N., Klein, P., Kor, Y. and Ma
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Hisrich, R. and Peters, M. [1998].
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Light, I. [1972]. Ethnic enterprise
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Mulhall, S. [2005]. Routledge philo
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Senge, P. [1990]. The fifth discipl
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Inc., Indianapolis. Weber, M. [1992
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