Mapping the aliran of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship: A ...

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4.2.1.02 Yet for ‘a rich field of study’ entrepreneurship appears to lack any recognised ontological base. Shane and Venkataraman [2000] commented that the discipline of entrepreneurship seemed to lack any ‘conceptual framework.’ It could be asked whether the discipline has actually contributed to a better and more cohesive collection of knowledge regarding entrepreneurship? Descriptions of the discipline being an ‘elephant’ [Gartner, 2001] and a ‘heffalump’ [Kilby, 1971] tend to support this query. 4.2.1.03 I believe that an ontological base is significant as per Atmanspacher and Primas [2003], cited earlier in Part Two. I have taken ‘domains of reality’ to refer to ontologies and such interpretation suggests that theories advanced by academics do need to be placed in the context of an ontological base. Yet this contextualisation does not seemed to have happened within the discipline of entrepreneurship. 4.2.1.04 It may be that as per Mulhall [2005] and as discussed in section 2.3.2.02 that such ontological foundations have not yet been thematized because the discipline has yet to find itself in a ‘state of crisis’. It could be said that the discipline exists in a state of complacency where the ‘social relationships’ [Dery and Toulouse, 1996] between researchers have failed to generate such states of crisis. 4.2.1.05 This is not to say that there have not been any suggestions for such ontology. Following Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel’s [1998] approach to Strategic Management where they found 10 ‘schools of thought’ of Strategic Management, I searched for the term "entrepreneurial schoo ls of thought " I found a reference to a course conducted at the Dakota State University, in which the following schoo ls of thought were outlined: Macro View: Environmental School of Thought Financial / Capital Schoo l Thought Displacement Schoo l of Thought Micro View: Entrepreneurial Trait School of Thought (People School) Venture Opportunity School of Thought Strategy Formulation School of Thought 154
4.2.1.06 These seemed to suggest some form of basic ontology towards entrepreneurship. Yet in a question posed to the course students, mention of ‘process approach to studying entrepreneurship’ were included. 8. Explain what is meant by each of the following schools of thought approach to studying entrepreneurship: a) macro 1) environmental 2) financial / capital 3) displacement b) micro 4) entrepreneurial trait 5) venture opportunity 6) strategic formulation 9. E xplain what is meant by each of the following t ypes of the process appr oach to studying entrepreneurship: a) events approach b) assessment approach c) multidimensional approach [www. courses.dsu.edu/entre/oldstuff/Guides/unit1.htm] 4.2.1.07 The course text was ‘Entrepreneurship’, 4th Ed., Hisrich and Peters [1998] yet my research showed that the above approaches did not seem to be part of those author s’ recognised thinking. I finally traced the macro and micro approaches to Kuratko and Hod gett's [2001]. To da te I have not been able to find the source of the process approaches to entrepreneurship. The thinking is compatible with work by Kirzner [1997] or from Bhave [1994], yet the exact source still eludes me. The course was conducted by John (Jack) Walters, however Prof James Janke also previously conducted this course. Enquiries to Dakota State University have not yielded replies. 4.2.1.08 I tended to like this nine-fold ontology because it covers not only most of the fields for entrepreneurship in particular but also the approaches taken. A good rule of thumb I use is to look at ethnic entrepreneurship, which under a subject based illustration falls under race / ethnicity, yet which ontologically can fall into both cultural, as in an environment, or immigrant, as displacement. Displacement also covers those, not necessarily with an ethnic slant, who go into entrepreneurship because they may have been fired from their jobs and seek self-employment. Entry into entrepreneurship can be where 155
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Mapp ing the aliran of the academic
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2.5.2.1 Adolescent angst and acne 8
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Tables of Graphics Table of Graphic
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Attestation of Authorship I hereby
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Gravitas The concept of gravitas im
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Abstract In this study, I consider
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others), this finding should not be
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ehabilitated version of prejudice.
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1.1.1.03 The discipline’s influen
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The suggestion herein is that merel
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Nietzsche it comes to Foucault’s
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introduced in the next section). I
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1.2.03 This structure of this chapt
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1.2.1.07 In this dissertation I am
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1.2.3.01 Taking a n alternative int
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1.3 Positionality 1.3.00 By conduct
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dominate our world” [Rabinow, 199
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1.4 Structure of this dissertation
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arise if the construction of the di
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without any reference to epistemic
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2.1.1.06 The difference between an
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2.1.1.11 Smith [2003], comments tha
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2.1.2.03 Husserl used the term ‘i
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2.1.2.12 However I believe that it
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truth. ….. My problem is roughly
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The division between true and false
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have become a tool used in the exer
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2.1.4.05 Conformity to form is a in
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ejecting or accepting articles for
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Graphic 2c Foucault’s Triangle -
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[Foucault, 1980, p93]. If for some
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2.2.2.03 External to bot h the disc
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Foucault’s eventual reply to Gros
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Graphic 2d Model B - Depicting four
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In short, there is a problem of the
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Graphic 2e Model B - Including effe
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2.3.2.03 In Model B in Graphic 2e t
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While Foucault [2004] does, in The
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2.3.3.10 Given Leibniz’s ideas on
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2.4 Ontologies 2.4.1 Ontologies as
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ontologies, without such a simplist
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of the epistemology followed, e.g.
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thematic conceptualisation, or as p
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Graphic 2i Model H3 - Showing the l
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does discuss the various failings o
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primary power have, a tertiary powe
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2.5. Analysing the Discipline of En
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• being apparent in the perceived
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mass and it would appear that it wa
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Later in 2001, Low suggested the em
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2.5.2.2.06 O’Connor, Cherry and B
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compared with overall trends struct
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for each has also been dependent up
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of clear segregation or differentia
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2.5.3.08 Sciascia and De Vita [2004
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articles that show a predominance o
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structure to the episteme of manage
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Venkataraman (1997) argues that ...
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ZHOU 1992 LIGHT 1995 PORTES 1995 BA
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entrepreneurship is not defined by
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Barney, 2004; Hitt, Ireland, Camp &
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4.3.11.07 The reason that the strat
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individual domains, thus bringing i
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entrepreneur to the firm, while Cha
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• A greater emphasis between new-
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5.1.09 A fascinating aspect of this
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Graphic 5b Three dimensional positi
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study (addressing the introverted a
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the discipline is indeed dubious ma
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5.3.03 What has fur ther emerged fr
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1995 INNOVATIO N KUHN 1962 - 1996 S
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DEVRIES 1977 J MANAGE STUD, V14 JN
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COHEN Cohen,West, Aiken 1983 BUS RE
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WALDINGER 1986 - 1988 CAPITALIS M E
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DOSI 1988 DUBINI 1988 DUNNE Roberts
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CHANDLER Takashi 1990 COHEN Leventh
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KALLEBERG Leicht 1991 ACAD MANAGE J
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HORNSBY JAFFE Naffziger, Kuratko, M
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PALICH Bagby 1995 J BUS VENTURING ,
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LANE Lyles, Salk 1998 MARKETIN G, V
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References Acs, Z. and Audretsch, D
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from a process study, Management Sc
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Foss, N., Klein, P., Kor, Y. and Ma
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Hisrich, R. and Peters, M. [1998].
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Light, I. [1972]. Ethnic enterprise
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Mulhall, S. [2005]. Routledge philo
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Senge, P. [1990]. The fifth discipl
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Inc., Indianapolis. Weber, M. [1992
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