Mapping the aliran of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship: A ...

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dominate our world” [Rabinow, 1991, p6]. This quotation resonates with the comments expressed by the various critics of the discipline of entrepreneurship as outlined briefly in section 1.1.1.07. 1.3.08 In a sense I am wearing two hats, one as an aspiring academic working with connaissance knowledge, while on the ot her hand I wear the hat of one who has been entrepreneurial and who does not necessarily have that detachment between the two knowledges. I do not feel that maintaining that sense of detachment is of benefit in this investigation and so will from time to time insert comments from a savoir perspective into this work. 1.3.09 In particular I wish to question the title of ‘the entrepreneur’. Connaissance knowledge has, since the times of Cantillon, Smith, Sombart and Schumpeter, assumed ‘the entrepreneur’ to have certain recognisable traits and behaviours. This assumption has long grounded the discipline of entrepreneurship. On such connaissance knowledge the discipline of entrepreneurship has, from its early days, been constructed. Whether these are solid foundations is something I seek to illustrate. 1.3.10 As a non-academic I reiterate that I have been in a position, at times in my life, where I have been entrepreneurial. However I deny myself the title of entrepreneur as my own personal savoir knowledge leads me to believe that such a title is not accurate. People can engage in entrepreneurial behaviour at particular times in their lives; however such behaviour is often of a temporary nature. This is not to say that the same thought has not been expressed within the discipline. Barth [1963] in one of the earliest articles as part of the emergent discipline claims “that an entrepreneur should not be treated as a status or a role, but rather as ‘an aspect of a role: it relates to actions and activities, and not rights and duties” [cited in Jannicke, 2008]. However the later construction of the discipline largely ignored Barthes comments until Gardner’s 1989 article where he specifically stated that it was not impor tant ‘who is an entrepreneur’ and stressed a focus on an entrepreneurial or ientation or process. 20
1.3.11 While later developments in the discipline move away from the idea of ‘the entrepreneur’ towards an orientation focusing more on entrepreneurial behaviour [Gardner, 1989], the question can be asked, as per Foucault’s [2005] system of objective knowledge, as to how has the discipline developed. This question is significant with regards to the earlier cited comments by Gardner [1989] and by Low and McMillan [1988 ] that call into question the objectivity of the work prod uced by the discipline in the late 1980s, and also querying 10 years later whether there had been any changes towards greater objectivity, in the intervening period. The concept of a discipline being, in part, an overt construction by those in the discipline comes through as part of this investigation. 21
Page 1: Mapp ing the aliran of the academic
Page 4 and 5: 2.5.2.1 Adolescent angst and acne 8
Page 6 and 7: Tables of Graphics Table of Graphic
Page 8 and 9: Attestation of Authorship I hereby
Page 10 and 11: Gravitas The concept of gravitas im
Page 12 and 13: Abstract In this study, I consider
Page 14 and 15: others), this finding should not be
Page 16 and 17: ehabilitated version of prejudice.
Page 18 and 19: 1.1.1.03 The discipline’s influen
Page 20 and 21: The suggestion herein is that merel
Page 22 and 23: Nietzsche it comes to Foucault’s
Page 24 and 25: introduced in the next section). I
Page 26 and 27: 1.2.03 This structure of this chapt
Page 28 and 29: 1.2.1.07 In this dissertation I am
Page 30 and 31: 1.2.3.01 Taking a n alternative int
Page 32 and 33: 1.3 Positionality 1.3.00 By conduct
Page 36 and 37: 1.4 Structure of this dissertation
Page 38 and 39: arise if the construction of the di
Page 40 and 41: without any reference to epistemic
Page 42 and 43: 2.1.1.06 The difference between an
Page 44 and 45: 2.1.1.11 Smith [2003], comments tha
Page 46 and 47: 2.1.2.03 Husserl used the term ‘i
Page 48 and 49: 2.1.2.12 However I believe that it
Page 50 and 51: truth. ….. My problem is roughly
Page 52 and 53: The division between true and false
Page 54 and 55: have become a tool used in the exer
Page 56 and 57: 2.1.4.05 Conformity to form is a in
Page 58 and 59: ejecting or accepting articles for
Page 60 and 61: Graphic 2c Foucault’s Triangle -
Page 62 and 63: [Foucault, 1980, p93]. If for some
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Page 66 and 67: Foucault’s eventual reply to Gros
Page 68 and 69: Graphic 2d Model B - Depicting four
Page 70 and 71: In short, there is a problem of the
Page 72 and 73: Graphic 2e Model B - Including effe
Page 74 and 75: 2.3.2.03 In Model B in Graphic 2e t
Page 76 and 77: While Foucault [2004] does, in The
Page 78 and 79: 2.3.3.10 Given Leibniz’s ideas on
Page 80 and 81: 2.4 Ontologies 2.4.1 Ontologies as
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of the epistemology followed, e.g.
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thematic conceptualisation, or as p
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Graphic 2i Model H3 - Showing the l
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does discuss the various failings o
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primary power have, a tertiary powe
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2.5. Analysing the Discipline of En
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• being apparent in the perceived
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mass and it would appear that it wa
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Later in 2001, Low suggested the em
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2.5.2.2.06 O’Connor, Cherry and B
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compared with overall trends struct
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for each has also been dependent up
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of clear segregation or differentia
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2.5.3.08 Sciascia and De Vita [2004
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articles that show a predominance o
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structure to the episteme of manage
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Venkataraman (1997) argues that ...
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is being discussed is epistemically
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discourse-objects as discussed in s
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delimitations. Yet Foucault also of
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3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Position Stat
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collection process which provided a
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in ‘horses for courses’ or, to
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work. However, it may be that for a
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Philosophy ….. does not consist i
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could be termed cross or inter-disc
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3.2 Data Collection Processes / Met
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3.2.1.05 However, a closer look at
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Graphic 3a Bar chart of numbers of
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collective 13,000 citations accordi
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chronological sequence. This gave a
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3.2.3.02 b. 3.2.3.04 Graphic 3f is
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e) Some dual or more articles by on
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Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel [1
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Part Four: Empirics 4.1 Interpretat
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4.1.1.02 The first interesting prel
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number of mis-spellings and errors
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Vo lu me: 34 Issue: 1 1956 20. Jour
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4.1.3.02 The top 21 journals listed
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various journals in Graphic 4a, whi
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4.1.4.01 One important piece of val
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epresentationality of the disciplin
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4.2.1.02 Yet for ‘a rich field of
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some one decides in a planned manne
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4.2.3.03 I developed eight expressi
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Graphic Eight expressions of what
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4.3 The 87,060 aliran of entreprene
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in France in the 18 th and 19 th ce
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said that the seeds of genesis for
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develop ment of the discipline. Inn
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4.3.4 Behaviouralism and methodolog
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4.3.5 Innovation sub-aliran - a nat
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provided by Teece. A slightly diffe
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innovation being correlated to a fi
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Graphic 4m Zahra’s influence on t
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4.3.6.2 New Ventures and Corporate
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Grousbeck VENTURE entrepreneur: TSA
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construct a greater corporate orien
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4.3.6.3.01 In section 2.5.1.05 I di
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governance of venture capital or ga
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limited. Senge’s [1990] (20) text
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narrower orientation of the firm or
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on learning by ‘the firm’ where
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ut also the degree of ‘being entr
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Graphic 4s The small business sub-a
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Graphic 4t LIGHT 1979 BORJAS 1986 R
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4.3.10 Ethnic / immigrant sub-alira
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ZHOU 1992 LIGHT 1995 PORTES 1995 BA
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entrepreneurship is not defined by
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Barney, 2004; Hitt, Ireland, Camp &
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4.3.11.07 The reason that the strat
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individual domains, thus bringing i
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entrepreneur to the firm, while Cha
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• A greater emphasis between new-
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5.1.09 A fascinating aspect of this
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Graphic 5b Three dimensional positi
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study (addressing the introverted a
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the discipline is indeed dubious ma
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5.3.03 What has fur ther emerged fr
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1995 INNOVATIO N KUHN 1962 - 1996 S
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DEVRIES 1977 J MANAGE STUD, V14 JN
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COHEN Cohen,West, Aiken 1983 BUS RE
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WALDINGER 1986 - 1988 CAPITALIS M E
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DOSI 1988 DUBINI 1988 DUNNE Roberts
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CHANDLER Takashi 1990 COHEN Leventh
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KALLEBERG Leicht 1991 ACAD MANAGE J
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HORNSBY JAFFE Naffziger, Kuratko, M
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PALICH Bagby 1995 J BUS VENTURING ,
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LANE Lyles, Salk 1998 MARKETIN G, V
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References Acs, Z. and Audretsch, D
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from a process study, Management Sc
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Foss, N., Klein, P., Kor, Y. and Ma
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Hisrich, R. and Peters, M. [1998].
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Light, I. [1972]. Ethnic enterprise
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Mulhall, S. [2005]. Routledge philo
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Senge, P. [1990]. The fifth discipl
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Inc., Indianapolis. Weber, M. [1992
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