Mapping the aliran of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship: A ...

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e) Some dual or more articles by one author appeared in the same journal. For example Baumol had four articles in the 1968 AM ECON REV, V58, However looking at the journal article usually gave an indication which one was relevant. The original citation included page references. However I had removed them during the sorting process for convenience, which, in retrospect, was a bit premature. f) For the journal articles there were not many that were reprints of previous articles, onl y one by Gartner, ‘Who Is an Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question’ that was published in bo th AM J SMALL BUSINESS, V12 and ENTREP THEORY PRACT, V13. The combined gravitas of these two articles raised its total to 77 and bought it into the Top 21 as shown in Graphic 3f. 3.2.5 Hermeneutics – developing the aliran 3.2.5.01 The above completed the data collection process in orde r to try and show the episteme ‘as it is’. The next step was to apply the hermeneutic approach for a more qualitative analysis process of the above. The 476 high gravitas articles could be sorted either as to year of publication to give a time line or sorted as to weighting from those articles / texts having the most gravitas to those with the least gravitas. Effectively this sorting provided a two dimensional perspective, with the article and its weighting, over time. Appe ndix One shows the 476 high gravitas articles sorted chronologically. 3.2.5.02 Foucault [2002] has described the episteme as be ing three dimens ional and it is logical that such three dimensionality also apply to the aliran as an extension of the episteme. The first dimension is the article and its gravitas, the second dimension be ing time, the third dimension is some form of spatial relationship between the articles, for which I am using sub-aliran or the ontology. 3.2.5.03 As discussed in Part Two, the ontology should be apparent from the archaeological process used and I was hoping that an ontology would readily present itself 134
in the aliran in that the sub-aliran would be easily identifiable. In some ways this was possible, but only in a limited manner. For example an ethnic / racial sub-aliran could be identified with articles by authors such as Light, Bonaich etc., be ing significant in this sub- aliran. However in other areas, while there was as suggestion of some form of sub-aliran, actually justifying inclusion of articles into sub-aliran became increasingly illusive. The identification of significant words (not key words) in the abstracts or the article did assist in such justification process, however slotting an article into an ontology proved difficult. The Web of Science key word was not used as often it seemed to vary significantly from the contents of the article or abstract. 3.2.5.04 This lack of ability to clearly delineate sub-aliran or ontologies did suggest that the notion of ontologies as being unthematized [Smith, 2003 and Mulhall, 2005] was happe ning and that the thematic process has not occurred in the episteme of entrepreneurship. This lack of thematisation could be as because as per Gruber [1993], ontological commitment has not taken place or no ‘discontinuities’ have been presented. However what was also possible was that my own data analysis was not yet suitable and it was because of this that patterns were not emerging. 3.2.5.05 To see if there was any possible way to detect any pattern I further analysed a random selection of the citations to see which journals carried articles that cited the original article citations. This analysis was primarily to see whether there was any distinct pattern and a suggestion of any inter-relationship between journals. There was a possible pattern in areas such as ethnic ontologies to entrepreneurship, as can be seen in Graphic 3g in which the journals citing LIGHT I, 1972, ETHNIC ENTERPRISE AM, T do tend towards a similar ontology. However this pattern was all that I perceived with my random attempt, although further research may reveal some form of pattern emerging. 3.2.5.06 To a certain degree I was limited in this analysis as I did not have a clear frame of reference for identifying the sub-aliran of ontologies, from which to work. The search for the ontology of entrepreneurship is described and discussed in section 4.2. It involved firstly attempting to apply an ontological frame of reference developed by 135
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Mapp ing the aliran of the academic
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2.5.2.1 Adolescent angst and acne 8
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Tables of Graphics Table of Graphic
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Attestation of Authorship I hereby
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Gravitas The concept of gravitas im
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Abstract In this study, I consider
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others), this finding should not be
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ehabilitated version of prejudice.
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1.1.1.03 The discipline’s influen
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The suggestion herein is that merel
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Nietzsche it comes to Foucault’s
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introduced in the next section). I
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1.2.03 This structure of this chapt
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1.2.1.07 In this dissertation I am
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1.2.3.01 Taking a n alternative int
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1.3 Positionality 1.3.00 By conduct
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dominate our world” [Rabinow, 199
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1.4 Structure of this dissertation
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arise if the construction of the di
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without any reference to epistemic
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2.1.1.06 The difference between an
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2.1.1.11 Smith [2003], comments tha
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2.1.2.03 Husserl used the term ‘i
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2.1.2.12 However I believe that it
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truth. ….. My problem is roughly
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The division between true and false
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have become a tool used in the exer
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2.1.4.05 Conformity to form is a in
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ejecting or accepting articles for
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Graphic 2c Foucault’s Triangle -
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[Foucault, 1980, p93]. If for some
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2.2.2.03 External to bot h the disc
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Foucault’s eventual reply to Gros
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Graphic 2d Model B - Depicting four
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In short, there is a problem of the
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Graphic 2e Model B - Including effe
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2.3.2.03 In Model B in Graphic 2e t
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While Foucault [2004] does, in The
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2.3.3.10 Given Leibniz’s ideas on
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2.4 Ontologies 2.4.1 Ontologies as
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ontologies, without such a simplist
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of the epistemology followed, e.g.
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thematic conceptualisation, or as p
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Graphic 2i Model H3 - Showing the l
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does discuss the various failings o
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primary power have, a tertiary powe
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2.5. Analysing the Discipline of En
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• being apparent in the perceived
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Page 118 and 119: is being discussed is epistemically
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Page 138 and 139: 3.2.1.05 However, a closer look at
Page 140 and 141: Graphic 3a Bar chart of numbers of
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Page 146 and 147: 3.2.3.02 b. 3.2.3.04 Graphic 3f is
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Page 154 and 155: 4.1.1.02 The first interesting prel
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Page 174 and 175: Graphic Eight expressions of what
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Page 192 and 193: Graphic 4m Zahra’s influence on t
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construct a greater corporate orien
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4.3.6.3.01 In section 2.5.1.05 I di
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governance of venture capital or ga
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limited. Senge’s [1990] (20) text
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narrower orientation of the firm or
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on learning by ‘the firm’ where
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ut also the degree of ‘being entr
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Graphic 4s The small business sub-a
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Graphic 4t LIGHT 1979 BORJAS 1986 R
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4.3.10 Ethnic / immigrant sub-alira
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ZHOU 1992 LIGHT 1995 PORTES 1995 BA
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entrepreneurship is not defined by
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Barney, 2004; Hitt, Ireland, Camp &
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4.3.11.07 The reason that the strat
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individual domains, thus bringing i
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entrepreneur to the firm, while Cha
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• A greater emphasis between new-
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5.1.09 A fascinating aspect of this
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Graphic 5b Three dimensional positi
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study (addressing the introverted a
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the discipline is indeed dubious ma
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5.3.03 What has fur ther emerged fr
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1995 INNOVATIO N KUHN 1962 - 1996 S
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DEVRIES 1977 J MANAGE STUD, V14 JN
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COHEN Cohen,West, Aiken 1983 BUS RE
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WALDINGER 1986 - 1988 CAPITALIS M E
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DOSI 1988 DUBINI 1988 DUNNE Roberts
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CHANDLER Takashi 1990 COHEN Leventh
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KALLEBERG Leicht 1991 ACAD MANAGE J
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HORNSBY JAFFE Naffziger, Kuratko, M
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PALICH Bagby 1995 J BUS VENTURING ,
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LANE Lyles, Salk 1998 MARKETIN G, V
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References Acs, Z. and Audretsch, D
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from a process study, Management Sc
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Foss, N., Klein, P., Kor, Y. and Ma
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Hisrich, R. and Peters, M. [1998].
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Light, I. [1972]. Ethnic enterprise
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Mulhall, S. [2005]. Routledge philo
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Senge, P. [1990]. The fifth discipl
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Inc., Indianapolis. Weber, M. [1992
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