Mapping the aliran of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship: A ...

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ehabilitated version of prejudice. Sub-aliran are ide ntified as part of the process. These, together with an assessment of the respective roles of connaissance and savoir knowledges in the development of the discipline, contribute to a discussion of whether the discipline has created a simulation or a simulcrae of entrepreneurship, as per Baudrillard [1994] and whether or not the discipline of entrepreneurship can be considered dubious, as per Foucault [in Dreyfus and Rabbinow, 1983]. 1.0.03 Part One comprises four chapters and is structured as follows. The first chapter introduces the discipline of entrepreneurship focusing in particular on criticisms from within the discipline on the manner, bo th epistemological and ontological, in which it has developed. The philosophic lineage I use in this dissertation is then introd uced. The last sections of chapter one outlines the intended contributions of this dissertation to collective connaissance knowledge. 1.0.04 The second chapter is an introd uctor y discussion on the epistemology I use in this dissertation in particular reference to the difference between savoir and connaissance types of knowledge. The pr imary difference is that one is considered to be the ‘know how’ of the practitioner and the second the ‘knowing that’ of the academic. This is something that I consider significant primarily from my own unique perspective as a commentator on the discipline of entrepreneurship and one who has actually been entrepreneurial at different times in my life. The positionality of my own role viz a viz being both a business person who has been entrepreneurial and my current role of investigating the discipline that purports to study that which I do, is discussed in the third chapter. 1.0.05 The last chapter in Part One maps the remaining four parts of the dissertation. 2
1.1 Introducing the focus of this research 1.1.1 Entrepreneurship 1.1.2 Ph ilosophy 1.1.3 Intended contributions 1.1.0 The purpose of this chapter is: firstly to introduce the discipline of entrepreneurship which is the subject of this investigation and briefly discuss some of the issues associated with its de velop ment; secondly to introduce the philosophic background which I will be using in the investigation; and thirdly to present the intended contributions of this work. 1.1.1. Entrepreneurship 1.1.1.00 The rapidly growing academic discipline of entrepreneurship has attained what some consider to be significant levels of growth over the last 40 years; however this growth has come under criticism from within the discipline as to the manner in which it has developed. This section introduces some of those criticisms, which are covered in more dept h in chapter 2.5, and introduces Foucault’s notion of dubious disciplines. 1.1.1.01 The academic discipline of entrepreneurship has, been described as being one of the fastest growing fields of academic study. The acade mic study of entrepr eneurship o ver the last 40 years can be considered to be a success, and especially since the early 1980s it has increased exponentially as few other fields have been able to showcase (Katz 2000, Steyaert 2003) [Steyaert and Katz, 2004, p181]. Over the last five years the Academy of Management’s Entrepreneurship Division has “dramatically outpaced the growth of every other division” by 77 percent (Shaver, 2004) [Murphy, Liao and Welsch, 2006, p1]. 1.1.1.02 The volume of academic material and opportunities produced within the discipline has reached levels some consider significant. No less than 1,600 universities offer 2,200 entrepreneurship courses. There are at least 277 endowed faculty positions and 44 refereed entrepreneurship journals (Katz, 2003). There are over 100 established and funded entrepreneurship centers offering resources, consulting, and guidance to entrepreneurs, with pedagogical opportunities for students [Murphy, Liao and Welsch, 2006, p13]. 3
Page 1: Mapp ing the aliran of the academic
Page 4 and 5: 2.5.2.1 Adolescent angst and acne 8
Page 6 and 7: Tables of Graphics Table of Graphic
Page 8 and 9: Attestation of Authorship I hereby
Page 10 and 11: Gravitas The concept of gravitas im
Page 12 and 13: Abstract In this study, I consider
Page 14 and 15: others), this finding should not be
Page 18 and 19: 1.1.1.03 The discipline’s influen
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Page 22 and 23: Nietzsche it comes to Foucault’s
Page 24 and 25: introduced in the next section). I
Page 26 and 27: 1.2.03 This structure of this chapt
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Page 30 and 31: 1.2.3.01 Taking a n alternative int
Page 32 and 33: 1.3 Positionality 1.3.00 By conduct
Page 34 and 35: dominate our world” [Rabinow, 199
Page 36 and 37: 1.4 Structure of this dissertation
Page 38 and 39: arise if the construction of the di
Page 40 and 41: without any reference to epistemic
Page 42 and 43: 2.1.1.06 The difference between an
Page 44 and 45: 2.1.1.11 Smith [2003], comments tha
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Page 50 and 51: truth. ….. My problem is roughly
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Page 54 and 55: have become a tool used in the exer
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Foucault’s eventual reply to Gros
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Graphic 2d Model B - Depicting four
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In short, there is a problem of the
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Graphic 2e Model B - Including effe
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2.3.2.03 In Model B in Graphic 2e t
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While Foucault [2004] does, in The
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2.3.3.10 Given Leibniz’s ideas on
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2.4 Ontologies 2.4.1 Ontologies as
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ontologies, without such a simplist
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of the epistemology followed, e.g.
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thematic conceptualisation, or as p
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Graphic 2i Model H3 - Showing the l
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does discuss the various failings o
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primary power have, a tertiary powe
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2.5. Analysing the Discipline of En
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• being apparent in the perceived
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mass and it would appear that it wa
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Later in 2001, Low suggested the em
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2.5.2.2.06 O’Connor, Cherry and B
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compared with overall trends struct
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for each has also been dependent up
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of clear segregation or differentia
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2.5.3.08 Sciascia and De Vita [2004
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articles that show a predominance o
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structure to the episteme of manage
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Venkataraman (1997) argues that ...
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is being discussed is epistemically
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discourse-objects as discussed in s
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delimitations. Yet Foucault also of
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3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Position Stat
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collection process which provided a
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in ‘horses for courses’ or, to
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work. However, it may be that for a
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Philosophy ….. does not consist i
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could be termed cross or inter-disc
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3.2 Data Collection Processes / Met
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3.2.1.05 However, a closer look at
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Graphic 3a Bar chart of numbers of
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collective 13,000 citations accordi
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chronological sequence. This gave a
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3.2.3.02 b. 3.2.3.04 Graphic 3f is
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e) Some dual or more articles by on
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Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel [1
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Part Four: Empirics 4.1 Interpretat
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4.1.1.02 The first interesting prel
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number of mis-spellings and errors
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Vo lu me: 34 Issue: 1 1956 20. Jour
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4.1.3.02 The top 21 journals listed
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various journals in Graphic 4a, whi
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4.1.4.01 One important piece of val
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epresentationality of the disciplin
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4.2.1.02 Yet for ‘a rich field of
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some one decides in a planned manne
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4.2.3.03 I developed eight expressi
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Graphic Eight expressions of what
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4.3 The 87,060 aliran of entreprene
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in France in the 18 th and 19 th ce
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said that the seeds of genesis for
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develop ment of the discipline. Inn
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4.3.4 Behaviouralism and methodolog
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4.3.5 Innovation sub-aliran - a nat
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provided by Teece. A slightly diffe
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innovation being correlated to a fi
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Graphic 4m Zahra’s influence on t
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4.3.6.2 New Ventures and Corporate
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Grousbeck VENTURE entrepreneur: TSA
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construct a greater corporate orien
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4.3.6.3.01 In section 2.5.1.05 I di
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governance of venture capital or ga
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limited. Senge’s [1990] (20) text
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narrower orientation of the firm or
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on learning by ‘the firm’ where
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ut also the degree of ‘being entr
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Graphic 4s The small business sub-a
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Graphic 4t LIGHT 1979 BORJAS 1986 R
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4.3.10 Ethnic / immigrant sub-alira
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ZHOU 1992 LIGHT 1995 PORTES 1995 BA
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entrepreneurship is not defined by
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Barney, 2004; Hitt, Ireland, Camp &
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4.3.11.07 The reason that the strat
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individual domains, thus bringing i
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entrepreneur to the firm, while Cha
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• A greater emphasis between new-
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5.1.09 A fascinating aspect of this
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Graphic 5b Three dimensional positi
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study (addressing the introverted a
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the discipline is indeed dubious ma
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5.3.03 What has fur ther emerged fr
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1995 INNOVATIO N KUHN 1962 - 1996 S
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DEVRIES 1977 J MANAGE STUD, V14 JN
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COHEN Cohen,West, Aiken 1983 BUS RE
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WALDINGER 1986 - 1988 CAPITALIS M E
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DOSI 1988 DUBINI 1988 DUNNE Roberts
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CHANDLER Takashi 1990 COHEN Leventh
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KALLEBERG Leicht 1991 ACAD MANAGE J
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HORNSBY JAFFE Naffziger, Kuratko, M
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PALICH Bagby 1995 J BUS VENTURING ,
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LANE Lyles, Salk 1998 MARKETIN G, V
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References Acs, Z. and Audretsch, D
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from a process study, Management Sc
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Foss, N., Klein, P., Kor, Y. and Ma
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Hisrich, R. and Peters, M. [1998].
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Light, I. [1972]. Ethnic enterprise
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Mulhall, S. [2005]. Routledge philo
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Senge, P. [1990]. The fifth discipl
Page 276:
Inc., Indianapolis. Weber, M. [1992
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