Mapping the aliran of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship: A ...

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2.1.2.12 However I believe that it was not until the College de France lecture series of 1981-82, first published in English in 2001 as ‘The hermeneutics of the subject’, that Foucault started to have a less fluctuating meaning to discourse and introduces the term ‘true discourse’ [Foucault, 2005, p243]. He also starts to make the connection to logos as described above. It goes beyond the textual, to the relationships, to the ability for preparedness for events. I believe that this later lecture series presents a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of discourse, than the earlier Foucault texts, that were more trepiditious in outlook. 2.1.2.13 It is this enlarged Foucauldian definition of discourse that is included in Model A in Graphic 2a. I have generally ignored the concepts of power within this definition of discourse because I tend towards the idea that the exercise of power is more significant to the contextualisation of knowledge in the discipline as discussed in the next section; however this is not to say that power is not also exercised in the discourse. 2.1.3 Disciplines – power of the right 2.1.3.00 This section discusses the discipline and the Foucauldian power exercised, that defines its boundaries with the discourse. The triangular nature of the power relationship between power, right and truth effects is discussed and depicted graphically as ‘Foucault’s Triangle’. As in the previous section, greater detail is given to the differences in Foucault’s thinking between 1971 and 1976, this time as pertaining to disciplines. 2.1.3.01 The discipline, as the circle inside the rectangle of discourse in Mode l A in Graphic 2a, is a subset of discourse(s). 2.1.3.02 I have defined discipline as that part of the discourse where epistemology justifies, as in ‘epistemic justification’ [Bonjour, 1998], the ontology. The epistemic stringe ncies of the discipline separate it from the discursive state. I have also assumed in Model A in Graphic 2a that the epistemic states referred to by Primas [1990, cited in 34
Atmanspacher, 2001] are the same as disciplines. In addition to the epistemic justification of the ontology within the discipline, that takes conceptualisation of ontological themes into the realm of contextualisation to determine what could constitute knowledge, Primas also provides the aspect of the relative finitude of knowledge. Ontic knowledge is considered infinite whereas the knowledge in the discipline is finite, constrained by epistemology as to what is contextually acceptable knowledge. 2.1.3.03 What has not been included in the mod el to da te is the concept of power within the discipline and the effect this power has on the discourse. Foucauldian studies intrinsically relate to power. While I have, in 2.1.3.01, described the discipline as a subset of discourse this description does not do justice to the relationship which is more dynamic (the dynamics of the model are discussed in 2.3.1). It could be said that the line dividing the discipline from the discourse has a prope nsity to move as a result of the dynamic interaction between the components of the discourses and the compo nents of the discipline as the discipline attempts to influence and regulate parts of the discourses through the exercise of power. 2.1.3.04 In a lecture on the 14 January 1976, Foucault [1980] described the relationship between power, right and truth as a triangle. The relationship between the three is described by Foucault as having two limits; firstly the “rules of right provide a formal delineation of power and; secondly the effects of truth that this power produces and transmits, and which in turn reproduce this power” [Foucault, 1980, p93]. ‘Foucault’s triangle’ is shown graphically in Graphic 2b. 2.1.3.05 What interested Foucault was not the geometric arrangement but the ‘how of power’ as it flowed from one corner of the triangle to the other. What I have been looking at since 1970-1971 is the “how” of power. Studying the “how of power’” or in other words trying to understand its mechanism by establishing two markers, or limits; on the one hand the rules of the right that formally delineate power, and on the other hand, at the opposite extreme, the other limit might be the truth effects that power produces, that this power conducts and which, in their turn, reproduces that power. So we have the triangle: power, right, 35
Page 1: Mapp ing the aliran of the academic
Page 4 and 5: 2.5.2.1 Adolescent angst and acne 8
Page 6 and 7: Tables of Graphics Table of Graphic
Page 8 and 9: Attestation of Authorship I hereby
Page 10 and 11: Gravitas The concept of gravitas im
Page 12 and 13: Abstract In this study, I consider
Page 14 and 15: others), this finding should not be
Page 16 and 17: ehabilitated version of prejudice.
Page 18 and 19: 1.1.1.03 The discipline’s influen
Page 20 and 21: The suggestion herein is that merel
Page 22 and 23: Nietzsche it comes to Foucault’s
Page 24 and 25: introduced in the next section). I
Page 26 and 27: 1.2.03 This structure of this chapt
Page 28 and 29: 1.2.1.07 In this dissertation I am
Page 30 and 31: 1.2.3.01 Taking a n alternative int
Page 32 and 33: 1.3 Positionality 1.3.00 By conduct
Page 34 and 35: dominate our world” [Rabinow, 199
Page 36 and 37: 1.4 Structure of this dissertation
Page 38 and 39: arise if the construction of the di
Page 40 and 41: without any reference to epistemic
Page 42 and 43: 2.1.1.06 The difference between an
Page 44 and 45: 2.1.1.11 Smith [2003], comments tha
Page 46 and 47: 2.1.2.03 Husserl used the term ‘i
Page 50 and 51: truth. ….. My problem is roughly
Page 52 and 53: The division between true and false
Page 54 and 55: have become a tool used in the exer
Page 56 and 57: 2.1.4.05 Conformity to form is a in
Page 58 and 59: ejecting or accepting articles for
Page 60 and 61: Graphic 2c Foucault’s Triangle -
Page 62 and 63: [Foucault, 1980, p93]. If for some
Page 64 and 65: 2.2.2.03 External to bot h the disc
Page 66 and 67: Foucault’s eventual reply to Gros
Page 68 and 69: Graphic 2d Model B - Depicting four
Page 70 and 71: In short, there is a problem of the
Page 72 and 73: Graphic 2e Model B - Including effe
Page 74 and 75: 2.3.2.03 In Model B in Graphic 2e t
Page 76 and 77: While Foucault [2004] does, in The
Page 78 and 79: 2.3.3.10 Given Leibniz’s ideas on
Page 80 and 81: 2.4 Ontologies 2.4.1 Ontologies as
Page 82 and 83: ontologies, without such a simplist
Page 84 and 85: of the epistemology followed, e.g.
Page 86 and 87: thematic conceptualisation, or as p
Page 88 and 89: Graphic 2i Model H3 - Showing the l
Page 90 and 91: does discuss the various failings o
Page 92 and 93: primary power have, a tertiary powe
Page 94 and 95: 2.5. Analysing the Discipline of En
Page 96 and 97: • being apparent in the perceived
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mass and it would appear that it wa
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Later in 2001, Low suggested the em
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2.5.2.2.06 O’Connor, Cherry and B
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compared with overall trends struct
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for each has also been dependent up
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of clear segregation or differentia
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2.5.3.08 Sciascia and De Vita [2004
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articles that show a predominance o
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structure to the episteme of manage
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Venkataraman (1997) argues that ...
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is being discussed is epistemically
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discourse-objects as discussed in s
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delimitations. Yet Foucault also of
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3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Position Stat
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collection process which provided a
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in ‘horses for courses’ or, to
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work. However, it may be that for a
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Philosophy ….. does not consist i
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could be termed cross or inter-disc
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3.2 Data Collection Processes / Met
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3.2.1.05 However, a closer look at
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Graphic 3a Bar chart of numbers of
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collective 13,000 citations accordi
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chronological sequence. This gave a
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3.2.3.02 b. 3.2.3.04 Graphic 3f is
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e) Some dual or more articles by on
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Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel [1
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Part Four: Empirics 4.1 Interpretat
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4.1.1.02 The first interesting prel
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number of mis-spellings and errors
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Vo lu me: 34 Issue: 1 1956 20. Jour
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4.1.3.02 The top 21 journals listed
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various journals in Graphic 4a, whi
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4.1.4.01 One important piece of val
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epresentationality of the disciplin
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4.2.1.02 Yet for ‘a rich field of
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some one decides in a planned manne
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4.2.3.03 I developed eight expressi
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Graphic Eight expressions of what
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4.3 The 87,060 aliran of entreprene
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in France in the 18 th and 19 th ce
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said that the seeds of genesis for
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develop ment of the discipline. Inn
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4.3.4 Behaviouralism and methodolog
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4.3.5 Innovation sub-aliran - a nat
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provided by Teece. A slightly diffe
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innovation being correlated to a fi
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Graphic 4m Zahra’s influence on t
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4.3.6.2 New Ventures and Corporate
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Grousbeck VENTURE entrepreneur: TSA
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construct a greater corporate orien
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4.3.6.3.01 In section 2.5.1.05 I di
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governance of venture capital or ga
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limited. Senge’s [1990] (20) text
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narrower orientation of the firm or
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on learning by ‘the firm’ where
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ut also the degree of ‘being entr
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Graphic 4s The small business sub-a
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Graphic 4t LIGHT 1979 BORJAS 1986 R
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4.3.10 Ethnic / immigrant sub-alira
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ZHOU 1992 LIGHT 1995 PORTES 1995 BA
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entrepreneurship is not defined by
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Barney, 2004; Hitt, Ireland, Camp &
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4.3.11.07 The reason that the strat
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individual domains, thus bringing i
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entrepreneur to the firm, while Cha
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• A greater emphasis between new-
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5.1.09 A fascinating aspect of this
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Graphic 5b Three dimensional positi
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study (addressing the introverted a
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the discipline is indeed dubious ma
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5.3.03 What has fur ther emerged fr
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1995 INNOVATIO N KUHN 1962 - 1996 S
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DEVRIES 1977 J MANAGE STUD, V14 JN
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COHEN Cohen,West, Aiken 1983 BUS RE
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WALDINGER 1986 - 1988 CAPITALIS M E
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DOSI 1988 DUBINI 1988 DUNNE Roberts
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CHANDLER Takashi 1990 COHEN Leventh
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KALLEBERG Leicht 1991 ACAD MANAGE J
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HORNSBY JAFFE Naffziger, Kuratko, M
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PALICH Bagby 1995 J BUS VENTURING ,
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LANE Lyles, Salk 1998 MARKETIN G, V
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References Acs, Z. and Audretsch, D
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from a process study, Management Sc
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Foss, N., Klein, P., Kor, Y. and Ma
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Hisrich, R. and Peters, M. [1998].
Page 270 and 271:
Light, I. [1972]. Ethnic enterprise
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Mulhall, S. [2005]. Routledge philo
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Senge, P. [1990]. The fifth discipl
Page 276:
Inc., Indianapolis. Weber, M. [1992
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