Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 121
14. Negative elements precede the verb.
In Akatek, the negative morphemes precede the aspect morphemes,
which in turn precede the verb:
(73) k'am chi-;-y-ab' naj patron
NEG IMPF-B3-A3-hear NCL Sp:boss
`The boss didn't hear him.' Penalosa & Say (1992)
15. Acausative element precedes the root of the causativized verb in
VOS languages.
This is the only problematic criterion. Morphological causatives
like -tse are su xed and not pre xed to the verb root
as seen in (74). However, similar to what Keenan notices for
Tzeltal, there is an alternative construction, in which a causative
verb, in Akatek a' `put' precedes an in nitive as in (75):
(74) x-;-in-wey-tse-a(a)-oj
naj an
PERF-B3-A1-sleep-CAUS-DIR-DIR he
`I made him sleep.' Zavala (1992b), 89
CL1s
(75) x-ach-w-a' xew an
PERF-B2-A1-put rest CL1s
`I made you rest.' Zavala (1992b), 320
16. All VOS languages have passive forms of verbs.
Akatek has three passives, an impersonal, an adversative, and
a perfective one, all of which are marked by passive morphology
on the verb in the form of di erent su xes. The impersonal passive
is marked by -le as shown in example (76), the adversative
by -cha which can be seen in example (77) and the perfective by
-b'il as in example (78).
(76) max ;-tx'otx'-le s-mulna-il naj unin
PERF B3-show-PASS A3-work-NMZR NCL boy
`The job was shown to the boy.' (lit. The boy's job was
shown.)
(77) ach-ij-cha
w-uu an
B2-back.carry-PASS A1-by CL1s
`I was able to carry you (to your detriment).'
Zavala (1997), 453