Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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218 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK The morphological evidential marker ab' can cliticize to the complementizer tol as can be observed in example (232). Zavala (1992b) calls this evidential marker a reportative. This is re ected in the translation of the example with `it is said...'. (232) tol-ab' chi-;-y-awte-toj ach'e tu' ix COMP-EV IMPF-B3-A3-call-DIR boy y-iin-taj A3-in-DISTR DEM she `It is said that she calls the young men after her.' Franco (1993) In type1 PVCs, the above evidential cannot occur with the PV il `see' as can be gathered from the ungrammaticality of the constructions shown in example (233). With the PV ab' `hear', on the other hand, type1 PVCs with either complementizer, i.e. with tzub'il or with tol, can take the evidential ab' as demonstrated in example (234). The addition of the evidential indicates that the information originates from hearsay. 17 (233) *x-;-y-il naj in-mam an PERF-B3-A3-see NCL A1-father CL1s tol-ab' x-;-kam no' chee COMP-EV PERF-B3-die NCL horse `My father saw that the horse died.' tzub'il-ab'/ COMP-EV/ (234) x-;-y-ab' naj in-mam an tol-ab'/ PERF-B3-A3-hear NCL A1-father CL1s COMP-EV/ tzub'il-ab' x-;-kam no' chee COMP-EV PERF-B3-die NCL horse `My father heard that the horse died.' In sum, type1 PVCs can be modi ed by modal auxiliaries and clitics, some of which can and some of which cannot modify type2 complements. The sentential adverb yel `be true' can also modify type1 PVCs, which is a de ning property ofproposition denoting complements. Furthermore, type1 PVCs of ab' hear can obtain a hearsay evidential marker, which makes their interpretation as propositions unambiguous. 4.3.5. Summary. Table 14 shows the semantic characteristics of type1 PVCs that have been investigated in this section. Temporal 17 The restriction that the reportative ab' cannot cooccur with il `see' in Akatek is paralleled by a restriction in Japanese, that the hearsay evidential rashii cannot modify complements of miru `see' as is shown in chapter 6.
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Semantic characterization of type1 PVCs Criterion Type1 PVC Temporal simultaneity +/- Perceptible predicates +/- Process predicates +/- Negation + Modality + simultaneity with the matrix PV is not required for type1 PVCs. Also, the PVC predicate can express perceptible or imperceptible states or processes. Negation and modality are also grammatical for these complement types. I have shown that type1 PVCs are primarily proposition denoting, but that they have the potential to conform to the requirements for event denoting complementtypes and that therefore it cannot be excluded that type1 PVCs sometimes also denote events. In other words, if the type1 PVC is marked for durative aktionsart or it is cotemporal with the matrix PV, the PVC conveys a perceptible process, no negation and only event conforming modality occurs, then atype1 PVC can be interpreted as an event. 4.4. Summary. A comparison of the Akatek type1 PVC with the English that-PVC shows an almost complete overlap of the structural and the semantic characteristics as shown in Table 15. Both PVCtypes Table 15. Structural and semantic characteristics of Akatek type1 PVCs compared to English that-PVCs Type1 PVC that-PVC Complement type IND/ SUB IND COMP tzub'il/ tol that Tense/ Aspect + + DET/ PL - - proposition + + event + + Temporal simultaneity +/- +/- Perceptible predicates +/- +/- Process predicates +/- +/- Negation + + Modality + + are indicative complements (IND) regarding the typology of complementation presented in chapter 2. In addition, the type1 PVCs with
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
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3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
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CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
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Page 185 and 186: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
Page 187 and 188: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
Page 189 and 190: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
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Page 197 and 198: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
Page 199 and 200: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
Page 201 and 202: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
Page 203 and 204: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
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Page 227: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
Page 231 and 232: 5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
Page 233 and 234: 5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
Page 237 and 238: 1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
Page 239 and 240: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
Page 241 and 242: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
Page 243 and 244: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
Page 245 and 246: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
Page 247 and 248: 3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
Page 253 and 254: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
Page 255 and 256: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
Page 257 and 258: CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
Page 259 and 260: 3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
Page 261 and 262: 4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
Page 263 and 264: 5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
Page 265 and 266: ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
Page 267 and 268: ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
Page 269 and 270: Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
Page 271 and 272: Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
Page 273 and 274: Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
Page 275 and 276: Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
Page 277 and 278: Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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