Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

1. PVC TYPES 227
subjunctive complements (SUBs), paratactic complements (PARAs) ,
in nitives (INFs), nominalizations (NMLZs) and participles (PARTs).
INDs and SUBs are both sentence-like, SUBs di er from INDs in
mood. In PARAs, the notional subject of the complement is retrieved
from the preceding clause. PARAs can be used as independent sentences.
As opposed to INDs and SUBs they cannot take complementizers.
INFs are de ned as verb-likeentities that lack syntactic relations
to their notional subject. NMLZs have the internal structure of noun
phrases. NMLZs can occur with articles, case markers, and sometimes
even a plural marker. PARTs have been excluded from the investigation
of PVCs in chapter 3. This chapter deals with Hypotheses I, V,
and VI, which were developed in chapters 1 and 5:
1. Hypothesis I
Provided that at least one PV in a language has a cognitive
meaning, all languages with a complementation system use at
least two di erent types of PVC, one to express events and one
to denote propositions.
2. Hypothesis V
PVC types higher up in the hierarchy, e.g. the IND types, are
more likely to denote propositions, while PVC types lower in
the hierarchy, e.g. the NMLZ types, are more likely to denote
events.
3. Hypothesis VI
The following ve complement types of the typology of complementation,
i.e. INDs, SUBs, PARAs, INFs, and NMLZs can
function as PVCs, but PVC types are not restricted to these ve
types.
The cognitive extension of passive PVs is assumed to be a tentative
universal, so that the focus of investigation for Hypothesis I lies on
the existence of at least two di erent PVCtypes. The hierarchy of
PVC types referred to in Hypothesis V is repeated here from chapter
5 with the addition of the PARA type, which did not occur in English
or Akatek:
(3) IND > SUB > PARA > INF > NMLZ
Hypothesis VI is based on evidence from English (chapter 3) and
Akatek (chapter 5), and an example from Hausa presented in chapter
2. Unfortunately, the available sources on Hausa did not provide
me with su cient information on PVC types to be included in this
chapter.