Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

150 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK
The double object construction described above for transitivetype2
PVCs is also grammatical with intransitive type2 PVCs as illustrated
in example (36).
(36) a. x-;-y-ab' ix Mikin aw-ok'-i
PERF-B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela A2-cry-ITV
b. x-ach-y-ab' ix Mikin aw-ok'-i
PERF-B2-A3-hear NCL Micaela A2-cry-ITV
`Micaela heard you cry.'
In sum, I demonstrated the nominal constituency of type2 PVCs
by advancing evidence from clitic placement, from argument order and
anaphoric reference, and from double object constructions. The object
denoting set B a x on the matrix PV can either express the PVC
subject or the whole PVC. Type2 PVCs function as complex nominal
adjuncts. Hence, the sentence nal clitic cannot intervene between the
PV and the type2 PVC. Possible orders are V-S-Type2 and V-Type2-S.
Fronting of type2 PVCs is ungrammatical unless the PVC occurs in a
cleft construction, which isshown in section 3.1.7. Finally, the PVC
subject can be raised to the PV object position. The constituency of
type2 PVCs is also supported by the analyses of passives and antipassivess
in sections 3.1.5 and 3.1.6, respectively.
3.1.2. Complementizer. Akatek has two complementizers paralleling
the complementizer that in English: tzub'il and tol. None of them
can occur with type2 PVCs as shown in the ungrammaticality of example
(37-a). Tzub'il and tol can only be used with type1 complements
as exempli ed in (37-b). 7
(37) a. x-;-y-ab' ix Mikin *tol/ *tzub'il
PERF-B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela COMP/ COMP
a-mulna-i
A2-work-ITV
`Micaela heard that you worked.'
b. x-;-y-ab' ix Mikin tol/ tzub'il
PERF-B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela COMP/ COMP
ach-mulna-i
B2-work-ITV
`Micaela heard that you worked.'
There is one exception to this rule. Example (38) shows that the use of
tzub'il in the sense of `how' is grammatical with a type2 complement.
7 A detailed description of both complementizers can be found in section 4.1.