Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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184 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK The auxiliary ske' functions as a matrix predicate for the type2 complement amula `your working'. The role of ske' as a matrix predicate for type2 complements is explored in section 3.4.5. The complex construction consisting of ske' and its complement is not a type2 PVC as illustrated by the ungrammaticality of example (132-b). The set B pronominal a x of the modal auxiliary ske' cannot be changed to the set A pronominal a x a- denoting the subject of the PVC predicate mulna `work'. In turn, ske' can optionally take aspect and a complementizer, as demonstrated in (133). (133) x-;-y-ab' ix Mikin tol chi-;-ske' PERF-B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela COMP IMPF-B3-be.able s-b'itni ix unin A3-sing NCL child `Micaela heard that the child can sing.' The degree adverb wal `really, a lot' can modify adjectives, nouns and verbs. Example (134) shows the latter two uses. (134) a. wal no' chee really NCL horse `There are a lot of horses.' b. wal chi-;-mulna naj really IMPF-B3-work he `He works a lot/ too much. Wal can modify type2 PVCs as can be seen in the examples in (135). (135) a. x-;-y-il ix Mikin wal a-ma'-on PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela really A2-hit-SUF in-an B1-CL1s `Micaela saw howmuch you hit me.' b. x-;-y-ab' ix wal aw-ok'-i PERF-B3-A3-hear she really A2-cry-ITV `She heard how much you cry.' Frequency adverbs like juntajel `each time' in (136) or hunel `once' in (137) can modify type2 complements. (136) x-;-y-il ix Mikin in-a-ma'-on juntajel PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela B1-A2-hit-SUF each.time `Micaela saw every time you hit me.'
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il ix Mikin aw-'el-toj jun-el PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR one-time ch'an only `Micaela saw you hit me only once.' Modi cation with jaxkati' `like this' is also grammatical and requires a demonstration of the way in which the perceived action was performed. (138) x-;-y-il ix Mikin aw-'el-toj jaxkati' PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR like.this `Micaela saw you leave like this.' A modality clitic that occurs with type2 PVC is the admirative clitic la. Zavala (1992b) describes the meaning of la as ranging from amazement to complaint or presumption. The admirative in example (139) has to be re ected in an adequate tone of voice expressing amazement, complaint, presumption or something in between when translated into English. (139) x-;-y-il ix Mikin aw-'el-toj jaxka-ti' PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR like-DEM la ADM `Micaela saw you leave like this!' As is typical for purely event denoting PVC types, type2 PVCs in Akatek cannot be modi ed with the sentential adverb tejan `possibly' as shown in (140-a). Tejan can modify the matrix PV as can be seen in (140-b). (140) a. *x-;-y-il ix Mikin tejan PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela possibly aw-el-toj A2-leave-DIR `Micaela saw you possibly leave.' b. tejan x-;-y-il ix Mikin aw-el-toj possibly PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR ewi' yesterday `Possibly Micaela saw you leave yesterday.'
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
Page 143 and 144: 3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
Page 147 and 148: 1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
Page 149 and 150: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 151 and 152: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 153 and 154: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
Page 155 and 156: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
Page 157 and 158: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
Page 159 and 160: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
Page 161 and 162: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
Page 163 and 164: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
Page 165 and 166: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
Page 167 and 168: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
Page 169 and 170: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
Page 171 and 172: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
Page 173 and 174: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
Page 175 and 176: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
Page 177 and 178: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
Page 179 and 180: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
Page 181 and 182: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
Page 183 and 184: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
Page 185 and 186: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
Page 187 and 188: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
Page 189 and 190: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
Page 191 and 192: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
Page 193: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
Page 197 and 198: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
Page 199 and 200: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
Page 201 and 202: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
Page 203 and 204: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
Page 205 and 206: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
Page 207 and 208: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
Page 209 and 210: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
Page 211 and 212: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
Page 213 and 214: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
Page 215 and 216: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
Page 217 and 218: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
Page 219 and 220: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
Page 221 and 222: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
Page 223 and 224: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 213 (215) x-;-y-il
Page 225 and 226: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 215 (221) x-;-y-il
Page 227 and 228: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
Page 229 and 230: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
Page 231 and 232: 5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
Page 233 and 234: 5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
Page 237 and 238: 1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
Page 239 and 240: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
Page 241 and 242: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
Page 243 and 244: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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