Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

66 3. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN ENGLISH
position of the passivized PV, or only the PVC subject. Regarding
clefting, I compare clefting of the PVC subject, of the PVC object,
and of the whole PVC. Summing up the discussion of the structural
description of complementtypes, I draw up the following list of criteria
for investigation: 8
1. Does the PVC type take a complementizer?
2. What is the case of the subject/object of the PVC type?
3. Does the predicate of the PVC haveagreement markers?
4. Is the PVC marked for tense or aspect?
5. Can adverbs or prenominal adjectives occur in the PVC?
6. Can the PVC as a whole take a determiner or a plural marker?
7. Is the PVC a constituent?
8. Can the subject of the PVC or the whole PVC be raised to the
subject position of the passivized PV?
9. Can the PVC, its subject, or its object be clefted?
In the following, these criteria are applied to the complementtypes
in English that were selected as a means of comparison for the analysis
of PVCs in Akatek: NI-PVCs, ing-PVCs, PNOMs, INOMs, to-
PVCs and that-PVCs. Recall that the INOM is not a PVC, but has
been included for contrastive purposes mainly in opposition to PNOMs.
Hence, to test the criteria regarding INOMs, I cannot use a PV matrix
verb, and selected the loose container verb remember instead.
3.1. Complementizer. As the name indicates, that-PVCs contain
the complemenitzer that:
(46) John felt that he had lost the argument.
The complementizerinthat-PVCs is optional. 9 That indicates that the
clause it introduces is nite and that it is the complement of a matrix
predicate (Radford, 1997).
According to Jespersen (1940) the in nitival to originally was a
preposition of direction. As opposed to the optional that complementizer
in the object position, in nitival to is obligatory. In nitival to
has been classi ed as a marker of in nitives (Quirk et al., 1985),
as a particle functioning as a complementizer (Noonan, 1985), or as
8 For more detail and discussion of the structural properties of English PVCs
refer to Akmajian (1977); Barwise & Perry (1983); Bennis & Hoekstra
(1989); Berman (1996); Bolinger (1974); Declerck (1983, 1982b); Gee (1977);
Higginbotham (1983, 1994b); Keenan (1996); Kirsner & Thompson (1976);
Mittwoch (1990); Monnich (1992b); Vendler (1967); Zucchi (1993)
9 In that-PVCs of smell and taste the complementizer is obligatory, see chapter
2.