Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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200 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK 3.4.8. Summary. As non-perception matrix predicates of type2 complements I identi ed aspectual verbs, nonverbal predicates, the auxiliary un `do', verbs of ability, motion verbs and CVs. In addition, type2 complements occur after the conjunction katu' ànd then'. 3.5. Summary. In this section I have provided a detailed description of type2 PVCs in Akatek. As can be gathered from Table 11, the nominal type2 PVC shares most of its structural and all of its semantic characteristics with the nominal PVC type in English, PNOM, which has been described in chapter 3. Structurally, both PVC types lack Table 11. Structural and semantic characteristics of Akatek type2 PVCs compared to English PNOMs Type2 PVC PNOM Complement type NMLZ NMLZ COMP - - Case/ AGR: intr A GEN GEN Case/ AGR: trans A GEN GEN Case/ AGR: trans P ABS of NP Tense/ Aspect - - DET/ PL - + Passive PVC + + Passive PV: whole PVC + + Passive PV: PVC subject + - Cleft: PVC subject + - Cleft: PVC object + - Cleft: PVC + + Semantic type event event Temporal simultaneity + + Perceptible predicates + + Process predicates + + Negation - - Sentential adverbs - - ske' /be able - - a complementizer, mark their subjects with the genitive, and do not admit aspect or tense marking, while passivization and clefting of the whole PVC is grammatical. The two nominalizations di er in object marking. The Akatek type2 PVC marks the object as a core argument with absolutive agreement, PNOM encodes the logical direct object as an oblique object in the form of a PP with the preposition of. The second main structural di erence is that - as opposed to type2 PVCs
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept determiners and can be pluralized. Passivization or clefting of the PVC subject or object is grammatical for type2 PVCs but not for PNOMs. The two PVCtypes share all semantic characteristics that were taken into consideration. Temporal simultaneity is required as well as complement predicates that express perceptible processes. Ungrammatical are negation, sentential adverbs and the modal auxiliaries ske'/ be able. Especially the conformity of both PVC types regarding the semantic criteria demonstrates that type2 PVCs in Akatek - like PNOMs in English - are unambiguously event denoting. I have thus con rmed Hypothesis II. At least one PVC type is exclusively event denoting. While type2 PVCs are marked by a nominalizing su x that only occurs on transitive verbs, PNOMs are marked by a participial su x. In addition to the structural and semantic characteristics that the nominal PVCs in Akatek and English share, both PVC types can alternatively be embedded by the following non-PV matrix predicates (see Table 12): non-verbal predicates like Akatek watx' `be good' or English be slow, aspectual verbs like Akatek laa ènd' or English begin, and causative verbs like Akatek chej `force' or English cause. Table 12. Matrix predicates of Akatek type2 complements and English PNOMs Matrix predicate e.g. for e.g. for type Akatek type2 English PNOM PVs il `see' see CVs chej `force' cause Aspectual auxiliaries laa ènd' begin Non-verbal predicates watx' `be good' be slow In sum, type2 PVCs in Akatek are nominalized PVCs like the English PNOMs, so that in both languages nominalized complements are used to denote events. The second typeofPVCs that occurs in Akatek is the topic of the next section. 4. PVCs of type1 Type1 PVCs have the structure of independent sentences and can takeavariety of complementizers: wh-complementizers like b'ey `where' or tzetal `what', the conditional complementizer ta `whether, if' and tol and tzub'il, both meaning `that'. The latter two complementizers result in PVC types similar to that-PVCs in English. Examples for type1 PVCs with the complementizer tol are provided in (182) for il `see' and
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
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3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
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CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
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Page 161 and 162: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
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Page 169 and 170: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
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Page 173 and 174: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
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Page 179 and 180: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
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Page 185 and 186: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
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Page 203 and 204: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
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Page 229 and 230: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
Page 231 and 232: 5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
Page 233 and 234: 5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
Page 237 and 238: 1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
Page 239 and 240: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
Page 241 and 242: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
Page 243 and 244: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
Page 245 and 246: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
Page 247 and 248: 3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
Page 253 and 254: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
Page 255 and 256: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
Page 257 and 258: CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
Page 259 and 260: 3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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