Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251
denoting events. A considerable number of complementtypes,
e.g. relative clauses and wh-complements, was excluded from
the investigation in the beginning. These observations con rm
Hypothesis VI:
(5) Hypothesis VI
The following ve complement types of the typology of
complementation, i.e. INDs, SUBs, PARAs, INFs, and
NMLZs can function as PVCs, but PVC types are not
restricted to these ve types.
3. There are nine di erent patterns of proposition (P) and event
(E) denoting PVC types for the 13 languages under investigation
(counting Romance as one as well as Cayuga/ Mohawk). Except
for Japanese, Akatek and English, which have two, all languages
have only one proposition denoting PVC type. The number
of event denoting PVC types within a language ranges from
three in English over two in Japanese, German and Malagasy
to only one for the remaining languages. However, these results
are highly speculative since I cannot be sure that many of these
languages have additional PVC types that were not described in
the sources I consulted. 1
4. Hypothesis I does not apply to Russian, which was shown to
use IND PVCs to denote both events and propositions. I
have not been able to investigate the role that the complementizer
kak of the event denoting PVC type plays in Russian,
but in other contexts kak means `how'. This would qualify kak-
PVCs not as IND but as wh-complements, which were excluded
from the investigation. However, the complementizer tzub'il of
the proposition denoting PVC typeinAkatek also means `how'
when used in other contexts. These observations call for detailed
investigation of the complementizers. Moreover, a number
of the researched languages does - to my knowledge - not have
a complementation system in the sense of the established typology
of complementation, so that Hypothesis I does not apply to
them. These languages are Cambodian, Mohawk, Cayuga, and
Chinese. Languages of this type require further research.
5. Table 2 indicates a hierarchical ordering of PVC types along
the following hierarchy, with the ranking of PARA PVCs so far
undecided.
1 For example, in Greek there are at least two more complementizers with PVCs
as was noted in chapter 6.