Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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182 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK to howi as demonstrated in example (127-b), then verb obtains an inchoative interpretation, so that the process is made explicit and the sentence is fully grammatical. (127) a. ? ;-y-il ix Mikin s-howi ix unin B3-A3-see NCL Micaela A3-be.angry NCL child `Micaela saw the boy being angry.' b. y-il ix Mikin s-howi el ix unin B3-A3-see NCL Micaela A3-be.angry DIR NCL child `Micaela saw the girl getting/ becoming angry.' Ihave shown that type2 PVCs in Akatek do not allow mental state verbs like ootaj `know'. This is an indication in favor of the analysis of type2 PVCs as exclusively event denoting. Instead, the main verbs in type2 PVCs tend to be prototypical action predicates like ma' `hit', tzok' `cut', and el `leave', which occur in most type2 PVCs in this chapter. Moreover, I have shown that predicates like kus `be sad' and howi `be angry' can occur in type2 and in type1 PVCs. 3.3.3. Negation. Event denoting complement types generally do not allow negation as has been shown for English in chapter 3. However, there are some exceptions. If the complement expresses that someone refrains from doing something, i.e. if the NI-PVC in example (128-a) is interpreted as in (128-b), then negation is grammatical. (128) a. John saw Mary not smoke. Higginbotham (1983), 111 b. John saw Mary refrain from smoking. Another exception is that whenever an implication of failure is given, then event denoting NI-PVCs can be negated: (129) Isaw the car not start. Higginbotham (1983), 111 Type2 PVCs cannot be marked with aspect. In chapter 4 I have shown that aspect interacts with negation in that for each of the three tense-aspect pre xes there is a di erent negative marker. Hence, a clause can only be negated if it has aspect. However, if a clause has aspect, it does not qualify as a type2 complement. As illustrated, the type2 PVC in (130-a) can only be negated with the negative morpheme maa in (130-b) if perfective aspect is added and the pronominal a x on the PVC verb changes from the set A for type2 to the set B for type1 PVCs. 13 happen. 13 In addition, there is a continuation requirement, i.e. something else needs to
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y-il ix aw-'el-toj PERF-B3-A3-see she A2-leave-DIR `She saw your leaving.' b. x-;-y-il ix maa-ach-el-toj katu' PERF-B3-A2-see she NEG-B2-leave-DIR CONJ x-;-too ix PERF-B3-go she `She saw you didn't leave and so she left.' The verb el `leave' can be negated, (130-b), because the perceiver can still see the person who did not leave. In the case of the verb hul àrrive', the perceiver cannot actually see anybody. Therefore hul àrrive' cannot be negated at all as a PVC. (131) shows a type2 PVC involving hul àrrive'. (131) oj-;-haw-il s-hul eb' FUT-B3-A2-see A3-arrive.here they `You will see them come.' In sum, type2 PVCs cannot be negated and the negation of type1 PVCs expressing perceivable events depends on whether someone or something can be physically perceived. 3.3.4. Modality. The purpose of this section is to investigate in what waytype2 PVCs are subject to modal modi cation. One property of proposition denoting complement types is their ability to accept sentential adverbials like certainly, probably, orlikely. Purely event denoting complementtypes do not support this kind of modality. Modi cation with degree or frequency adverbials was analyzed in chapter 3ascharacteristical of event descriptions. Modal auxiliaries like be able, on the other hand, do not express something directly accessible to the senses and should therefore be excluded from modifying event denoting complement types. Constructions with the modal auxiliary ske' `be able' can be embedded under PVs as demonstrated in example (132-a). (132) a. x-;-y-il ix Mikin ;-ske' a-mulna PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela B3-be.able A2-work `Micaela saw you be able to work.' `Micaela saw (that) you can work.' b. *x-;-y-il ix Mikin a-ske' a-mulna PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela A2-be.able A2-work `Micaela saw you be able to work.'
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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Page 141 and 142: 3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
Page 143 and 144: 3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
Page 147 and 148: 1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
Page 149 and 150: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 151 and 152: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 153 and 154: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
Page 155 and 156: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
Page 157 and 158: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
Page 159 and 160: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
Page 161 and 162: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
Page 163 and 164: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
Page 165 and 166: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
Page 167 and 168: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
Page 169 and 170: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
Page 171 and 172: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
Page 173 and 174: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
Page 175 and 176: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
Page 177 and 178: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
Page 179 and 180: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
Page 181 and 182: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
Page 183 and 184: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
Page 185 and 186: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
Page 187 and 188: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
Page 189 and 190: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
Page 191: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
Page 195 and 196: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
Page 197 and 198: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
Page 199 and 200: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
Page 201 and 202: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
Page 203 and 204: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
Page 205 and 206: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
Page 207 and 208: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
Page 209 and 210: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
Page 211 and 212: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
Page 213 and 214: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
Page 215 and 216: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
Page 217 and 218: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
Page 219 and 220: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
Page 221 and 222: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
Page 227 and 228: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
Page 229 and 230: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
Page 231 and 232: 5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
Page 233 and 234: 5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
Page 237 and 238: 1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
Page 239 and 240: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
Page 241 and 242: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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