Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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234 6. TYPOLOGY OF PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS (25) Circumstantial nominalization ART/DEM tense-ACT-V-ana-GEN(agent) O S(circumstance) An example for an active construction is given in (26). The respective circumstantial nominalization is provided in (27). The active subject Rabe has genitivized to the circumstantial verb as -dRabe and the article ny `the' has been added. 2 (26) n-aN-solo(nanolo) kodiarana Rabe PT-ACT-change tire Rabe `Rabe changed the tire.' Keenan (1996) (27) ny nanolo-ana-Rabe(=nanoloan-dRabe) kodiarana the PT.ACT.change-CIRC-Rabe tire `the past reason/place/instrument/../action of Rabe's changing the tire' Keenan (1996) With root passive perception verbs like hita `be seen' the circumstantial nominalization can ll two slots in the sentence. Either it lls the ( nal) subject position in the passive construction shown in (28), while the perceiver is encoded by the genitive -nao `you (GEN)' on the verb. The other possibility is that it lls the object slot in the active construction in (29) where the perceiver, here ianao `you (NOM)', is in the nal subject position. (28) hita-nao [ny nanoloan-dRabe kodiarana] seen-GEN2 [the changing-by.Rabe tire] `Rabe changing the tire was seen by you.' Keenan (1996) (29) n-a-hita [ny nanoloan-dRabe kodiarana] ianao PT-ACT-seen [the changing-by.Rabe tire] NOM2 `You saw Rabe change the tire (Rabe's changing of the tire).' Keenan (1996) 2 Instead of the article ny other determiners are possible as well: (i) tsy nahita [ilay/izany/izay nanoloan-dRabe kodiarana izany/izay] not saw aho NOM1 [that/that/that changing-by-Rabe tire that/that] `I didn't see that changing of the tire by Rabe.' Keenan (1996)
2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 German has a nominalized PVC as shown in (30). The PVC subject is in the genitive, which is marked on the article. The nominalization consists of the in nitve form of the verb and an article. (30) Er he sah [das Spielen der Katze]. saw [ART playing ART(GEN) cat] `He saw the playing of the cat.' 2.6.3. Accusative subject. The event denoting PVC in Nez Perce is a nominalization characterized by lack of tense-aspect marking and person agreement. Instead, the complement type carries the nominalizing su x -t/-n and the allative NP su x -px/-x `to'. As can be seen in (31), the logical subject of the complement clause is marked for case with the direct object marker -ne/-na. (31) kaa weet'u' ['is i-ne c' iqi-t-x] 'ee and not 'a-mc' -yo' [anyone-DO talk-NMZR-ALL] you 1/2.3-hear-ASP `And you will not hear anyone talking.' Phinney (1934), 274 2.7. Tense-aspect restrictions. Event denoting PVC types that are marked by tense or aspect follow certain tense-aspect restrictions. PVC types that lack tense-aspect marking like the naked in nitives and most of the nominalizations are automatically interpreted as simultaneous with their matrix clause. The purpose of the tense-aspect restrictions for tensed PVCs is to assure temporal simultaneity of the event and its perception. As has been mentioned above, PVCs denoting propositions do not have any tense restrictions. Tense or aspect marked event denoting PVC types are generally restricted in that they do not admit perfective aspect. Regarding tense, the event denoting PVC is required to have the same tense marking as the matrix PV in the following languages: Malagasy (PARA and NMLZ PVCs), Romance (pseudo-relative PVCs), and Arberesh (SUB PVCs). Greek requires the SUB PVCs to be always in the present tense. In the Russian IND PVCs and in the Japanese NMLZ PVCs, present or non-past tense PVs require present or non-past PVCs, whereas past PVs accept both present/non-past and past PVCs. Due to the few available data on Mohawk and Cambodian I could not verify whether their IND PVCs are subject to tense or aspect restrictions if they are event denoting. Examples for Russian and Malagasy are provided below.
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
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3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
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CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
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Page 199 and 200: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
Page 201 and 202: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
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Page 227 and 228: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
Page 229 and 230: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
Page 231 and 232: 5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
Page 233 and 234: 5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
Page 237 and 238: 1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
Page 239 and 240: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
Page 241 and 242: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
Page 243: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
Page 247 and 248: 3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
Page 253 and 254: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
Page 255 and 256: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
Page 257 and 258: CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
Page 259 and 260: 3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
Page 261 and 262: 4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
Page 263 and 264: 5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
Page 265 and 266: ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
Page 267 and 268: ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
Page 269 and 270: Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
Page 271 and 272: Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
Page 273 and 274: Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
Page 275 and 276: Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
Page 277 and 278: Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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