Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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132 4. AKATEK, A `TYPICAL' MAYAN LANGUAGE non-con gurational, i.e. the verbal complex constitutes a complete utterance while lexical arguments are analysed as appositional adjuncts (von Humboldt, 1836/1963; Jelinek, 1984). Finally, in section 1.5 I drew attention to problems with the existing analyses of the subject in ergative languages and proposed a de nition of the subject in Akatek based on Semantic Case Theory (Keenan, 1988). The second section was typologically oriented. The purpose was to provide the traditional typological classi cation of Mayan languages regarding word order typology (section 2.1), case, agreement and possessive marking (sections 2.3 and 2.4) and grammatical relations typology (section 2.5). Moreover, in section 2.2, I showed that the VXY language Akatek conforms to almost all of Keenan's characteristics of VOS languages (Keenan, 1978). I proposed that Keenan's characterisitics apply to verb-inital languages in general rather than to VOS languages only. Comparing the typological characterization of Akatek as summarized in Table 10 with English in Table 11, it turns out that English di ers with regard to each characteristic from Akatek. The basic word order in English is SVO, there is no case marking on NPs, and the verb agrees only with the subject. As a result of the lack of NP case marking and the limited subject agreement possessive marking in English is unique, i.e. it is not similar to trans A or trans P marking. Basic grammatical relations in English are expressed via an accusative pattern and there is no split case marking. Regarding the criteria for verb- Table 11. Typological characteristics of Akatek and English Criteria Akatek English Word order VXY SVO Case marking IO { Agreement marking S, DO S Possessor marking POSS = trans A POSS = unique Basic marking ergative accusative Split marking extended ergative { ({ = none) intial languages presented in section 2.2, the main di erence between Akatek and English is that English has a copula as well as relative pronouns. Furthermore, English lacks passive and causative morphology, the possessor can either precede or follow the possessed NP, agreement exists only with one NP, namely the subject, and subject agreement is su xal instead of pre xal. The investigation of PVCs in Akatek is presented in chapter 5. A typology of PVCs is further developed in chapter 6. The typological
3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Akatek in the present chapter opens up the possibility to integrate the results into a more holistic framework, which is aimed at developing patterns of connected properties. The possibility ofarelationship between the traditional typological characteristics of Akatek and the PVC system is discussed in chapter 5.
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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Page 99 and 100: 5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
Page 103 and 104: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
Page 105 and 106: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
Page 107 and 108: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
Page 109 and 110: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
Page 111 and 112: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
Page 113 and 114: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
Page 115 and 116: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
Page 117 and 118: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
Page 119 and 120: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
Page 121 and 122: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
Page 123 and 124: 2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
Page 141: 3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
Page 147 and 148: 1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
Page 149 and 150: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 151 and 152: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 153 and 154: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
Page 155 and 156: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
Page 157 and 158: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
Page 159 and 160: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
Page 161 and 162: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
Page 163 and 164: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
Page 165 and 166: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
Page 167 and 168: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
Page 169 and 170: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
Page 171 and 172: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
Page 173 and 174: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
Page 175 and 176: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
Page 177 and 178: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
Page 179 and 180: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
Page 181 and 182: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
Page 183 and 184: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
Page 185 and 186: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
Page 187 and 188: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
Page 189 and 190: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
Page 191 and 192: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
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5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
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5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
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CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
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1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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