Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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68 3. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN ENGLISH (49) a. his shooting b. the shooting of him c. the shooting of his Vendler (1968), 48 3.3. Agreement. Agreement of the complement verb and its arguments can only occur in that-PVCs (50-a). A constrastive ungrammatical example of an NI-PVC with agreement is provided in (50-b). (50) a. Jim heard that she sings a song. b. *Jim heard her sings a song. 3.4. Tense/aspect. Similar to what was noted for agreement marking, tense marking like the past tense su x -ed can only occur on that- PVCs. 11 A contrastive ungrammatical example is again provided for an NI-PVC: (51) a. Isaw that he arrived. b. *I saw him arrived. The aspectual auxiliary have is ungrammatical with NI-PVCs, ing- PVCs and PNOMs, see (52), but grammatical with all the other complement types as shown in (53). (52) a. *I saw Mary have left. Mittwoch (1990), 111 b. *Peter saw Mary having left. c. *[Peter saw] John's having cooked of the dinner. Vendler (1967), 130 (53) a. Peter remembered John's having cooked dinner b. I see them to have arrived. Bolinger (1974), 77 c. Peter saw that they had arrived. I follow Fillmore (1963) and Felser (1999) in assuming that ing- PVCs are the progressive counterparts of NI-PVCs. NI-PVCs and ing- PVCs di er only in their speci cation for the feature [ progressive]. Example (54) supports the hypothesis that NI-PVCs and ing-PVCs di er only minimally with respect to their aspectual speci cation because they can be conjoined, and `constituents that can be conjoined are necessarily of the same type.' Declerck (1982b), p. 3. 11 Bolinger notes that tense marking is acceptable in secondary predications, which were excluded from the considerations in this chapter. The sentence in (i) can either be interpreted as him being in a rejected state or as him being actively rejected by someone. (i) Isaw him rejected. Bolinger (1974), 69
3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION 69 (54) Tom heard [a door open] and [someone approaching]. Declerck (1982b), 3 3.5. Adverbs/adjectives. Adverbs cannot occur with PNOMs, but with INOMs and all the other complement types under investigation: (55) a. [Everybody watched] *John's quickly cooking of the dinner. Vendler (1967), 130 b. John's quickly cooking dinner surprised everybody. In turn, prenominal adjectives can only occur with PNOMs but not with INOMs or any of the other complement types: (56) a. [Everybody listened to] his continuous singing of arias. Vendler (1968), 42 b. [Everybody remembered] *his slow singing the Marseillaise. Vendler (1968), 42 3.6. Determiners/pluralization. The ability of a complement type to be pluralized or modi ed by determiners is an indicator of its nominal character. Hence, the modi cation with articles is only grammatical for PNOMs, but not for INOMs or any of the other complement types. (57) a. [Everybody listened to] the singing of the Marseillaise. Vendler (1967), 137 b. *Everybody remembered the singing the Marseillaise. Since an article is grammatical with PNOMs, a singular quanti er like each and a plural quanti er like most in combination with a plural s are also grammatical: (58) a. They listened to each singing of the Marseillaise. b. They listened to most singings of the Marseillaise. 3.7. Constituency. Regarding constituency, two issues are involved: one is whether what was de ned in section 1.1 as a PVC type is in fact a constituent. The other question is what kind of constituent the PVC type is. In order to test whether a PVC is a constituent, one can apply a number of constituency tests such asmovement, coordination, pronominalization or ellipsis. I choose pronominalization and coordination to see whether the identi ed PVC types are constituents.
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
Page 27 and 28: 4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
Page 29 and 30: 5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
Page 33 and 34: 1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
Page 35 and 36: 2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
Page 37 and 38: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
Page 39 and 40: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
Page 41 and 42: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
Page 43 and 44: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
Page 45 and 46: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
Page 47 and 48: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
Page 49 and 50: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
Page 53 and 54: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
Page 57 and 58: 5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
Page 61 and 62: 1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
Page 63 and 64: 1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
Page 65 and 66: 1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
Page 67 and 68: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
Page 69 and 70: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
Page 71 and 72: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
Page 73 and 74: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
Page 75 and 76: 3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
Page 77: 3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
Page 89 and 90: 4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
Page 99 and 100: 5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
Page 103 and 104: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
Page 105 and 106: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
Page 107 and 108: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
Page 109 and 110: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
Page 111 and 112: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
Page 113 and 114: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
Page 115 and 116: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
Page 117 and 118: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
Page 119 and 120: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
Page 121 and 122: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
Page 123 and 124: 2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 119
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
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3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
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CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
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5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
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5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
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CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
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1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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