Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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174 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK 3.2. The su x -on. The -on su x - without exception - occurs only on transitive verbs, which can then additionally take the intransitive thematic vowel -i, if the verb is the nal constituent, resulting in -oni. Ihave shown that the verbal su x -on is a central structural property of transitive type2 constructions. The same su x also occurs on transitive verbs when the subject is clefted or relativized. Also, -on optionally occurs on type2 CVCs as is shown in section 3.4.7. What I have not explicitly mentioned until now, is the fact that the same sufx occurs also on transitive verbs in independent basic sentences. In the present section I try to bring together what has been hypothesized about the role of the su x -on hoping that the results help to more clearly characterize the status of type2 complements. The main di erence between type2 constructions on the one hand and relative and cleft constructions on the other is that the former structures retain person marking for two core arguments while the latter mark only one argument on the verb. This seems plausible considering the fact that in relativization and in cleft constructions the subject has been raised to the matrix predicate. The examples below illustrate this di erence between a type2 complement construction (105), subject cleft (106), and relativization (107). (105) x-;-y-ab' ix Mikin ;-s-txon-on si' PERF-B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela B3-A3-sell-SUF rewood naj winaj NCL man `Micaela heard the man selling rewood.' (106) ja'-; jun ti' hach-kol-on-oj y-iin y-ib'an CFT-B3 one DEM B2-help-SUF-IRR A3-in A3-on.top q'in-al life-VL `This one will help you all your life.' Penalosa & Say (1992) (107) x-;-s-chi naj winaj chi-;-ma'-on kam PERF-B3-A3-say NCL man IMPF-B3-hit-SUF die no' tu' PRO:animal DEM ` ::: said the man who was killing the animal.' Penalosa & Say (1992) The same extraction of the subject happens in Wh-questions like (108). The Wh-word is extracted from the postverbal argument position to
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal topic or cleft position. As a result, only the direct object is marked on the verb (via set B markers), the verb is su xed by -on and by the thematic vowel for intransitive verbs, -i. (108) maj x-in-ma'-on-i who PERF-B1-hit-SUF-ITV `Who hit me?' Zavala (1992b), 88 Similar constructions can be found with the existential ey in the preverbal topic position: (109) ey-; anima chi-;-'al-on-i tzub'il tol EX-B3 Sp:person IMPF-B3-say-SUF-ITV COMP COMP peena-; te' kape bad-B3 NCL Sp:co ee `There are people that say co ee is bad.' Franco (1993) However, there are two notable exceptions. First, for rst and second person subjects the changes, i.e. the su x -on and detransitivization, are optional. Example (110) shows a cleft construction with the su x -on and only set B person marking, while in example (111) the su x does not occur and both set A and set B are marked on the verb. (110) jach x-;-'a'-on jun te' xuk e-in PRO2s PERF-B3-give-SUF one NCL large.basket to-B1 an CL1s `It was you who gave me the large basket.' Zavala (1992b), 226 (111) jein x-;-in-ma' ix Malin an PRO1s PERF-B3-A1-hit NCL Mary CL1s `It was me who hit Mary.' Zavala (1992b), 293 Second, if the direct object instead of the subject is clefted or relativized, neither the su x -on occurs, nor does the verb become intransitive. This is evidenced by max-;-s-q'oj `(they) had thrown (him)' in example (112) and ;-s-lo'-ey-toj `(he) ate (them)' in example (113).
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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Page 133 and 134: 2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 123
Page 141 and 142: 3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
Page 143 and 144: 3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
Page 147 and 148: 1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
Page 149 and 150: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 151 and 152: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 153 and 154: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
Page 155 and 156: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
Page 157 and 158: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
Page 159 and 160: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
Page 161 and 162: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
Page 163 and 164: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
Page 165 and 166: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
Page 167 and 168: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
Page 169 and 170: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
Page 171 and 172: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
Page 173 and 174: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
Page 175 and 176: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
Page 177 and 178: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
Page 179 and 180: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
Page 181 and 182: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
Page 183: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
Page 187 and 188: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
Page 189 and 190: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
Page 191 and 192: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
Page 193 and 194: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
Page 195 and 196: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
Page 197 and 198: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
Page 199 and 200: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
Page 201 and 202: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
Page 203 and 204: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
Page 205 and 206: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
Page 207 and 208: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
Page 209 and 210: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
Page 211 and 212: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
Page 213 and 214: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
Page 215 and 216: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
Page 217 and 218: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
Page 219 and 220: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
Page 221 and 222: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
Page 227 and 228: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
Page 229 and 230: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
Page 231 and 232: 5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
Page 233 and 234: 5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
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CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
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1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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