Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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160 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK (70-b), the achievement sense of the cha-passive is expressed in the English translation with `managed to see', while the perfective sense of the b'il-passive in (70-c) is re ected in the translation with `has seen' or `had seen'. (70) a. x-;-'il-le y-uu ix Mikin aw-'el-toj PERF-B3-see-PASS A3-by NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR `Micaela saw you leaving.' b. x-;-'il-cha y-uu ix Mikin aw-'el-toj PERF-B3-see-PASS A3-by NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR `Micaela managed to see you leave.' c. il-b'il-; y-uu ix Mikin aw-'el-toj see-PASS/PF-B3 A3-by NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR `Micaela has/had seen you leave.' Example (71) shows a le-passivized PV and example (72) a chapassivized PV, each embedding a transitive type2. (71) x-;-'il-le y-uu ix Mikin a-ma'-on PERF-B3-see-PASS A3-by NCL Micaela A2-hit-SUF in-an B1-CL1s `Micaela (accidentally) saw you hitting me.' (72) x-;-'il-cha y-uu ix Mikin s-tzok'-on te' PERF-B3-see-PASS A3-by NCL Micaela A3-cut-SUF NCL si' naj winaj rewood NCL man `Micaela managed to see the man cutting the wood.' If the PVC subject instead of the whole type2 PVC functions as the subject of the passivized matrix PV, the subject is marked twice. As subject of the passivized PV and as subject of the PVC. Keeping in mind that in active PV constructions double objects are an option (cf. section 3.1.1), the occurrence of double subjects, i.e. subject of matrix PVs and of PVCs, is not surprising. All three passive constructions behave alike. The examples in (73) all exhibit set B pronominal a xes for second person, ach, on the passivized PV which are coreferential with the set A pronominal a- (for consonant-initial roots) of the transitive type2 PVC.
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-'il-le a-ma'-on in-an PERF-B2-see-PASS A2-hit-SUF B1-CL1s `You were seen hitting me.' b. x-ach-'il-cha a-ma'-on in-an PERF-B2-see-PASS A2-hit-SUF B1-CL1s `You were caught hitting me.' c. il-b'il-ach a-ma'-on in-an see-PASS/PF-B2 A2-hit-SUF B1-CL1s `You have been seen hitting me (at least once).' The same applies to intransitive type2 PVCs. Set A pronominal prexes on the PVC verb express the PVC subject while set B pronominal a xes on the passivized PV are coreferential with them. In example (74) these pre xes are aw- (for vowel-initial roots) on the PVC verb and ach on the passivized matrix PV. (74) a. x-ach-il-le aw-'el-toj PERF-B2-see-PASS A2-leave-DIR `You were seen leave.' b. x-ach-il-cha aw-'el-toj PERF-B2-see-PASS A2-leave-DIR `You were caught (byvision) leaving.' c. il-b'il-ach aw-'el-toj see-PASS/PF-B2 A2-leave-DIR `You were spied on (when) leaving.' or: `You were guarded (while) leaving.' As can be observed in the translations of examples (73-b) and (74-b), the cha-passive's adversative sense is expressed by the verb `caught', i.e. the perception was to the detriment of the one perceived. The b'ilpassive even obtains two interpretations as depicted in example (74-c). The general notion is one of being watched, either in the sense of spying or in the sense of guarding. The translations of the le-passive in example (75) illustrate that in Akatek il `see' is a passive aswell as an active PV, i.e. it can express either accidental seeing or purposeful seeing. The same observations apply to the examples in (76).
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
Page 119 and 120: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
Page 121 and 122: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
Page 123 and 124: 2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
Page 141 and 142: 3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
Page 143 and 144: 3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
Page 147 and 148: 1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
Page 149 and 150: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 151 and 152: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 153 and 154: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
Page 155 and 156: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
Page 157 and 158: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
Page 159 and 160: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
Page 161 and 162: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
Page 163 and 164: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
Page 165 and 166: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
Page 167 and 168: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
Page 169: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
Page 173 and 174: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
Page 175 and 176: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
Page 177 and 178: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
Page 179 and 180: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
Page 181 and 182: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
Page 183 and 184: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
Page 185 and 186: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
Page 187 and 188: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
Page 189 and 190: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
Page 191 and 192: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
Page 193 and 194: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
Page 195 and 196: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
Page 197 and 198: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
Page 199 and 200: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
Page 201 and 202: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
Page 203 and 204: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
Page 205 and 206: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
Page 207 and 208: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
Page 209 and 210: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
Page 211 and 212: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
Page 213 and 214: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
Page 215 and 216: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
Page 217 and 218: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
Page 219 and 220: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 213 (215) x-;-y-il
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 215 (221) x-;-y-il
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
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5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
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5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
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CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
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1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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