Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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248 7. CONCLUSION The sense modality hierarchy does not only re ect the lexicalization sequence passive PVs follow, but also, which additional meanings along the sense modality hierarchy a passive PV can cover. For example in Akatek, ab' `hear' is also used to cover the lower sense modalities of touch, taste, and smell, which have no distinct lexical realizations as is the case for example in English. The hierarchy also predicts that PVs higher up in the hierarchy are more likely to extend their meaning into the cognitive domain than those on the lower end. In Akatek both il `see' and ab' `hear' extend their meaning into the cognitive domain. Passive PVs that have acquired an additional cognitive meaning are special matrix predicates. In languages with a complementation system, passive PVs can take at least two di erent complement types provided that the cognitive extension of passive PVs is universal (Hypothesis I). 2. PVC types The di erentPVCtypes were described according to their semantic and their structural characteristics and identi ed as one of six di erent complement types (Noonan, 1985): indicative complements (INDs), subjunctive complements (SUBs), paratactic complements (PARAs), in nitives (INFs), nominalizations (NMLZs) and participles (PARTs). Ihave shown in chapter 3 that in English, there are more PVC types than the ones investigated. For example, I explicitly excluded whclauses, adverbial clauses and small clause constructions as well as participial adjunct clauses from the investigation. Excluding participial adjunct clauses from the investigation, i.e. Noonan's PART complement type, reduces the prospective typology of PVCs to ve complement types: IND, SUB, PARA, INF, and NMLZ. I described ve PVCtypes in English: NI-PVCs (INFs), ing-PVCs (INFs), PNOMs (NMLZs), to-PVCs (INFs) and that-PVCs (INDs). The non-PVC complement type INOM was added to the investigation because on the one hand INOMs contrast well with PNOMs and on the other they share a number of structural and semantic characteristics with to-PVCs and that-PVCs. Akatek has two di erent types of PVC, referred to as type1 and type2. Type2 PVCs are NMLZs comparable to the NMLZ PNOMs in English. Type1 PVCs occur in two varieties, as INDs or as SUBs. They only di er in the complementizers they take. 3. Interpretation of PVC types The goal of this study was to establish correlations between structural PVC types and two semantic types: events and propositions.
3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249 Ihypothesized that all languages with a complementation system use at least two di erent types of PVCs (Hypothesis I). These di erent complement types are assigned either an event interpretation or a propositional reading. One PVC type is exclusively event denoting (Hypothesis II) and at least one PVC type is proposition denoting. In certain contexts it cannot be excluded that proposition denoting PVC types can also be event denoting (Hypothesis III). (1) Hypothesis I Provided that at least one PV in a language has a cognitive meaning, all languages with a complementation system use at least two di erent types of PVC, one to express events and one to denote propositions. (2) Hypothesis II At least one PVC type is exclusively event denoting. (3) Hypothesis III PVC types that are primarily proposition denoting can under special conditions also be event denoting. The results showed that in English, NI-PVCs, ing-PVCs, and PNOMs are exclusively event denoting, to-PVCs are exclusively proposition denoting, and that-PVCs are primarily proposition denoting and under special conditions additionally event denoting. English that-PVCs are basically proposition denoting and are listed as such in the typological considerations below. Their structural and semantic exibility, however, enables that-PVCs to also encode events provided that the restrictions put on event denoting complement types are all met. These special conditions are mainly semantic in nature: temporal simultaneity, perceptible process predicates, no negation, no modal modi cation. The structural and semantic description of type1 and type2 PVCs in Akatek according to the criteria established for the analysis of English PVC types in chapter 3 con rmed Hypothesis II: at least one PVC type is exclusively event denoting, as well as Hypothesis III: PVC types that are primarily proposition denoting can under special conditions also be event denoting. The results also con rm Hypothesis I: all languages with complementation systems have two di erent PVCtypes, one of which is used to express events and the other to denote propositions. The comparison of type1 PVCs in Akatek with that-PVCs in English on the one hand and of type2 PVCs in Akatek with PNOMs in English on the other showed a high degree of similarity regarding their structural and the semantic characteristics. In Table 1, the distribution
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
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3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
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CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
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Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
Page 237 and 238: 1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
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Page 243 and 244: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
Page 245 and 246: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
Page 247 and 248: 3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
Page 253 and 254: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
Page 255 and 256: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
Page 257: CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
Page 261 and 262: 4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
Page 263 and 264: 5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
Page 265 and 266: ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
Page 267 and 268: ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
Page 269 and 270: Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
Page 271 and 272: Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
Page 273 and 274: Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
Page 275 and 276: Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
Page 277 and 278: Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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