Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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190 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK b. x-;-a-chaak tzok'-o PERF-B3-A2-begin cut-TNF `You began to cut rewood.' si' rewood For third person agents, the complement can also precede the lexically instantiated subject, e.g. ix Mikin `Micaela' in examples (151-a) and (151-b). In these two construction, the meaning di erence is one between describing the event with a type2 complement as in (151-a) and naming it as in the type3 complement in (151-b). The type3 complement can be used for example in a context where the woodcutting had been scheduled for a certain time, while the type2 complement simply describes the event. (151) a. x-;-s-chaak ;-s-tzok'-on si' ix PERF-B3-A2-begin B3-A3-cut-SUF Mikin Micaela rewood NCL `Micaela becan to cut rewood.' b. x-;-s-chaak tzok'-o si' ix Mikin PERF-B3-A2-begin cut-TNF rewood NCL Micaela `Micaela began the cutting of the rewood.' A concluding observation is taken from the closely related dialect of Chuj spoken in San Sebastian Coatan. In Chuj, there are two di erent progressive markers, wan and wal, which also take type2 constructions, see (152-a) and (152-b). In this variety ofChuj, even the future aspect marker oj embeds type2 complements as shown in (152-c). (152) a. wan s-b'ey-i PROG A3-walk-ITV `He was walking.' b. wal s-b'ey-i PROG A3-walk-ITV `He is walking.' c. oj a-b'ey-i FUT A2-walk-ITV `You will walk.' Maxwell (1978), 135 These examples illustrate that aspectual auxiliaries functioning as matrix predicates for type2 complements is a common but not uniform phenomenon in Mayan languages.
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverbal predicates. There are a number of adverbs and adjectives functioning as nonverbal predicates, which can also embed type2 complements. Among them are sa'al `good' as shown in (153), tsakb'il `quickly' as can be seen in example (154), watx' `good' as demonstrated in (155-a), k'uan k'ulal `slowly' as in (156-a), and seb' èarly' as illustrated in (157-a). (153) sa'al-; ;-ey-i'-on-aa-tej ey-ats'am good-B3 B3-A2p-carry-SUF-DIR-DIR A2p-salt 'It's good that you pick upyour salt. (lit. Ìt's good, your picking up your salt.') Zavala (1997), 446 (154) tsak'b'il-; a-mulna-i quick-B3 A2-work-ITV `You work quickly!' (155) a. watx'-; a-mulna-i good-B3 A2-work-ITV `You work well.' b. watx'-; chi-ach-mulna-i good-B3 IMPF-B2-work-ITV Ìt's good that you work.' (156) a. k'uan k'ulal-; ;-y-aa-on-ok s-b'it ix slow slow-B3 B3-A3-put-SUF-DIR A3-song she b. `She sings her song slowly.' k'uan k'ulal-; x-;-y-aa-ok s-b'it ix slow slow-B3 PERF-B3-A3-put-DIR A3-song she `She sang her song slowly.' (157) a. seb'-; y-apni naj early-B3 A3-arrive he `He arrives early.' `He should come early (e.g. telling another person).' b. seb'-; x-;-apni naj early-B3 PERF-B3-arrive he `He arrived early.' The last three examples, (155-a), (156-a) and (157-a), have a second variant, (155-b), (156-b) and (157-b), respectively, in which the complement is marked by perfective or imperfective aspect, so that a type1 instead of a type2 complement is used since type2 complements cannot carry aspect marking.
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
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3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
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CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
Page 149 and 150: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 151 and 152: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 153 and 154: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
Page 155 and 156: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
Page 157 and 158: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
Page 159 and 160: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
Page 161 and 162: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
Page 163 and 164: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
Page 165 and 166: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
Page 167 and 168: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
Page 169 and 170: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
Page 171 and 172: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
Page 173 and 174: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
Page 175 and 176: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
Page 177 and 178: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
Page 179 and 180: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
Page 181 and 182: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
Page 183 and 184: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
Page 185 and 186: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
Page 187 and 188: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
Page 189 and 190: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
Page 191 and 192: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
Page 193 and 194: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
Page 195 and 196: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
Page 197 and 198: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
Page 199: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
Page 203 and 204: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
Page 205 and 206: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
Page 207 and 208: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
Page 209 and 210: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
Page 211 and 212: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
Page 213 and 214: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
Page 215 and 216: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
Page 217 and 218: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
Page 219 and 220: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
Page 221 and 222: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
Page 227 and 228: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
Page 229 and 230: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
Page 231 and 232: 5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
Page 233 and 234: 5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
Page 237 and 238: 1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
Page 239 and 240: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
Page 241 and 242: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
Page 243 and 244: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
Page 245 and 246: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
Page 247 and 248: 3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
Page 249 and 250: 3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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