Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

160 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK
(70-b), the achievement sense of the cha-passive is expressed in the
English translation with `managed to see', while the perfective sense of
the b'il-passive in (70-c) is re ected in the translation with `has seen'
or `had seen'.
(70) a. x-;-'il-le
y-uu ix Mikin aw-'el-toj
PERF-B3-see-PASS A3-by NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR
`Micaela saw you leaving.'
b. x-;-'il-cha y-uu ix Mikin aw-'el-toj
PERF-B3-see-PASS A3-by NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR
`Micaela managed to see you leave.'
c. il-b'il-; y-uu ix Mikin aw-'el-toj
see-PASS/PF-B3 A3-by NCL Micaela A2-leave-DIR
`Micaela has/had seen you leave.'
Example (71) shows a le-passivized PV and example (72) a chapassivized
PV, each embedding a transitive type2.
(71) x-;-'il-le
y-uu ix Mikin a-ma'-on
PERF-B3-see-PASS A3-by NCL Micaela A2-hit-SUF
in-an
B1-CL1s
`Micaela (accidentally) saw you hitting me.'
(72) x-;-'il-cha y-uu ix Mikin s-tzok'-on te'
PERF-B3-see-PASS A3-by NCL Micaela A3-cut-SUF NCL
si' naj winaj
rewood NCL man
`Micaela managed to see the man cutting the wood.'
If the PVC subject instead of the whole type2 PVC functions as
the subject of the passivized matrix PV, the subject is marked twice.
As subject of the passivized PV and as subject of the PVC. Keeping in
mind that in active PV constructions double objects are an option (cf.
section 3.1.1), the occurrence of double subjects, i.e. subject of matrix
PVs and of PVCs, is not surprising. All three passive constructions behave
alike. The examples in (73) all exhibit set B pronominal a xes for
second person, ach, on the passivized PV which are coreferential with
the set A pronominal a- (for consonant-initial roots) of the transitive
type2 PVC.